Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is a common procedure for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in which chemotherapy drugs are injected into a blood vessel feeding the tumour with the addition of an embolic agent that blocks blood flow. This prevents the rapid washout of the drug, therefore leading to higher locoregional concentrations, which increases efficacy and reduces toxicity. In recent times, the treatment has been improved by the utilization of microparticles that interacts with the drug with ionic bonds (DEB-TACE). This increases the exposure of the tumour to the drug and decreases toxicity due to reduced systemic drug circulation1–5. The utilization of sub-micrometric particles may result in less invasive therapies for the treatment of advanced HCC6. In the present thesis, the design of a polymeric nanostructured responsive system for transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is described. The aim of this study was the fabrication of sub-micrometric thermoresponsive particles (microgels) with a size around 200 nm for the release of DOX that undergo a critical change in conformation (VPTT) in a range of temperature between 37 and 42°C. Embolic agents were fabricated by using thermoresponsive chitosan-N-grafted-poly-vinylcaprolactam (CP) microgels (CP NPs). Chitosan was selected as a model polymer due to its biodegradability, non-toxicity, tissue-adhesive activity and drug permeation enhancing capability. Poly-N-Vinylcaprolactam (PNVCL) is a non-ionic, biocompatible and non-adhesive polymer that exhibits critical miscibility behaviour (LCST) between 25 and 50°C7,8. For the preparation of microgels with a specific VPTT, different PNVCL-COOH polymer were prepared. PNVCL-COOH polymers exhibited LCST between 31 and 42°C. Viscosimetric determination of the molecular mass demonstrated that the LCST is inversely proportional from the polymer chain length. The critical miscibility behaviour of PNVCL-COOH was studied in relation to the presence of different buffers, NaCl and polymer concentration. CP polymers were synthesized by combining PNVCL with two different types of CS that exhibited different molecular mass and degree of deacetylation (DDA). The structure of the polymers was characterized using NMR, FT-IR and conductimetric titration. CP microgels were fabricated using ionotropic gelation, using TPP as an anionic cross-linker. The formulations were characterized in terms of size distribution, surface charge and their storage stabilities were examined. Their preparation was optimized in terms of several parameters, including pH, concentration, and polymer/linker ratio. CP microgels exhibited an average diameter between 150 and 170 nm and surface charge around 13-15 mV. Their thermoresponsive behaviour was studied using DLS. Upon heating, CP microgels were able to grow into bigger particles in a reversible way. Magnetic gels were prepared using Fe3O4 MNPs in order to study the possibility of inducing the transition with the application of a magnetic field. TEM micrographies demonstrated the encapsulation of MPNs particles, but the formulations exhibited poor stability. The results of the release tests showed that DOX loading can be achieved by incubating CP NPs with DOX for a few hours above the VPTT, which also resulted in particle aggregation. Finally, cytotoxicity tests (MTT, Cell Titer, immunofluorescence) on human carcinoma cell lines (HUH7) demonstrated that that the utilization of DOX-loaded CP loaded micrometric particles result in a significant increase in drug toxicity.
La chemioembolizzazione arteriosa (TACE) una procedura comune per il trattamento del carcinoma epatocellulare (HCC) nel quale un chemioterapico viene iniettato in un vaso sanguigno collegato al tumore con l’aggiunta di un agente embolico che blocca il flusso di sangue. Questo impedisce l’eliminazione rapida del farmaco e ne aumenta la concentrazione a livello locoregionale, diminuendone l’efficacia e riducendone la tossicità. In tempi recenti, il trattamento è stato migliorato mediante l’utilizzo di microparticelle emboliche in grado di interagire col farmaco tramite legami ionici (DEB-TACE). L’utilizzo di questi sistemi permette di aumentare l’esposizione del tumore e diminuirne la tossicità, riducendone la concentrazione nella circolazione sistemica. L’utilizzo di particelle sub-micrometriche potrebbe essere in grado di offrire terapie meno invasive per il trattamento di HCC in stato avanzato. Nella presente tesi, sono stati sviluppati dei sistemi polimerici termoresponsivi nanostrutturati per la TACE. L’obbiettivo di questo studio è stato quello di fabbricare particelle (microgels) di circa 200 nm per il rilascio di doxorubicina (DOX), in grado di esibire un cambio conformazionale critico termoindotto (VPTT) in un intervallo di temperatura compreso tra 37 e 42°C. Gli agenti embolici sono stati preparati utilizzando un copolimero termoresponsivo di CP. Il chitosano è stato scelto come modello per la fabbricazione di microgels per le caratteristiche di biodegradabilità, non tossicità, adesività ai tessuti. Il PNVCL è un polimero non ionico, biocompatibile e non adesivo che ha la peculiarità di esibire un comportamento di miscibilità critico (LCST) compreso tra 25 e 50°C. Per riuscire a fabbricare dei microgels con una determinata VPTT, sono stati preparati diversi polimeri di PNVCL-COOH. I polimeri di PNVCL-COOH preparati hanno mostrato una LCST compresa tra 31 e 42°C. La determinazione della massa molecolare per via viscosimetrica ha dimostrato che la LCST dipende in modo inversamente proporzionale dalla lunghezza di catena. Il comportamento critico di miscibilità del PNVCL-COOH è stato ulteriormente studiato in relazione a differenti fattori, quali la concentrazione del polimero, la presenza di NaCl e di buffer di natura differente. I polimeri di CP sono stati sintetizzati combinando i polimeri di PNVCL con due tipi differenti di chitosano con differente massa molecolare e grado di deacetilazione. Tutti i polimeri sono stati caratterizzati utilizzando spettroscopia NMR, FT-IR e titolazione conduttimetrica. I microgels sono stati preparati mediante gelazione ionotropica, utilizzando il TPP come linker polianionico. Le formulazioni sono state caratterizzate in termini di distribuzione dimensionale, morfologia e capacità di conservazione, e la loro produzione è stata ottimizzata in relazione a condizioni di pH, concentrazione e rapporto polimero/linker. Le formulazioni di CP mostrano un diametro medio di circa 150-170 nm ed una carica superficiale attorno ai +13-15 mV. Il comportamento termoresponsivo è stato caratterizzato utilizzando il DLS. I polimeri sono in grado di aumentare la loro dimensione mediante l’aumento di temperatura in modo reversibile. Gels micromagnetici sono stati preparati utilizzando particelle di Fe3O4 (MNPs) per studiare la possibilità di controllare il rilascio termoindotto mediante l’applicazione di campi magnetici alternati. Le micrografie effettuate al TEM hanno confermato l’incapsulazione delle MNPs, ma le sospensioni si sono mostrate instabili. I test di rilascio effettuati hanno dimostrato che è possibile sfruttare la transizione termoindotta per indurre l’incapsulazione della DOX in microgels di dimensione micrometrica. Infine, I test preliminari di citotossicità effettuati su linee cellulari di carcinoma umano (HUH7) hanno dimostrato che le particelle micrometriche caricate con DOX sono in grado di aumentare la tossicità del farmaco.
Microgels Termoresponsivi di Chitosano-poli-n-Vinilcaprolattame per la DEB-TACE
MARSILI, LORENZO
2021
Abstract
Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is a common procedure for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in which chemotherapy drugs are injected into a blood vessel feeding the tumour with the addition of an embolic agent that blocks blood flow. This prevents the rapid washout of the drug, therefore leading to higher locoregional concentrations, which increases efficacy and reduces toxicity. In recent times, the treatment has been improved by the utilization of microparticles that interacts with the drug with ionic bonds (DEB-TACE). This increases the exposure of the tumour to the drug and decreases toxicity due to reduced systemic drug circulation1–5. The utilization of sub-micrometric particles may result in less invasive therapies for the treatment of advanced HCC6. In the present thesis, the design of a polymeric nanostructured responsive system for transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is described. The aim of this study was the fabrication of sub-micrometric thermoresponsive particles (microgels) with a size around 200 nm for the release of DOX that undergo a critical change in conformation (VPTT) in a range of temperature between 37 and 42°C. Embolic agents were fabricated by using thermoresponsive chitosan-N-grafted-poly-vinylcaprolactam (CP) microgels (CP NPs). Chitosan was selected as a model polymer due to its biodegradability, non-toxicity, tissue-adhesive activity and drug permeation enhancing capability. Poly-N-Vinylcaprolactam (PNVCL) is a non-ionic, biocompatible and non-adhesive polymer that exhibits critical miscibility behaviour (LCST) between 25 and 50°C7,8. For the preparation of microgels with a specific VPTT, different PNVCL-COOH polymer were prepared. PNVCL-COOH polymers exhibited LCST between 31 and 42°C. Viscosimetric determination of the molecular mass demonstrated that the LCST is inversely proportional from the polymer chain length. The critical miscibility behaviour of PNVCL-COOH was studied in relation to the presence of different buffers, NaCl and polymer concentration. CP polymers were synthesized by combining PNVCL with two different types of CS that exhibited different molecular mass and degree of deacetylation (DDA). The structure of the polymers was characterized using NMR, FT-IR and conductimetric titration. CP microgels were fabricated using ionotropic gelation, using TPP as an anionic cross-linker. The formulations were characterized in terms of size distribution, surface charge and their storage stabilities were examined. Their preparation was optimized in terms of several parameters, including pH, concentration, and polymer/linker ratio. CP microgels exhibited an average diameter between 150 and 170 nm and surface charge around 13-15 mV. Their thermoresponsive behaviour was studied using DLS. Upon heating, CP microgels were able to grow into bigger particles in a reversible way. Magnetic gels were prepared using Fe3O4 MNPs in order to study the possibility of inducing the transition with the application of a magnetic field. TEM micrographies demonstrated the encapsulation of MPNs particles, but the formulations exhibited poor stability. The results of the release tests showed that DOX loading can be achieved by incubating CP NPs with DOX for a few hours above the VPTT, which also resulted in particle aggregation. Finally, cytotoxicity tests (MTT, Cell Titer, immunofluorescence) on human carcinoma cell lines (HUH7) demonstrated that that the utilization of DOX-loaded CP loaded micrometric particles result in a significant increase in drug toxicity.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/106462
URN:NBN:IT:UNITS-106462