Talking about torture seems anachronistic today. It recalls the battles waged against it in the period of the Enlightenment. However, it is a phenomenon that «emerges forcefully from the past and threatens to have a future». It reappears in wars, in dictatorships in prisons and as an instrument in the fight against international terrorism. It is after the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 that the discourse regarding the legitimacy or otherwise of torture practices has returned, completely uncovering that Pandora's box that seemed to have been closed definitively by the Enlightenment. In this delicate historical moment governed by insecurity and fear due to the rampant terrorist phenomena, various issues resurface such as that of security, the state of emergency, the criminal law of the enemy. These are precisely the issues that risk losing sight of the fundamental rights of the human person, which are sacrificed in the face of the need for security and ever more pervasive forms of seeking proof. Only belatedly, on the impulse of the not rare convictions of the Strasbourg Court for violation of art. 3 of the ECHR, Italy has adapted to the 1984 UN Convention against torture by introducing, with law no. 110 of 2017, an (already) controversial offending case under art. 613-bis (torture), whose legislative drafting caused a lot of discussion right away. Faced with the new case and its defects in formulation, it seems appropriate to ask whether it would have been desirable to remain in the previous situation or whether its approval represents, in any case, a step forward for the protection of human rights. It will therefore be appropriate to start from a survey of the supranational order and then analyze the solutions adopted in the criminal laws of all European countries which will be divided by models according to a greater or lesser correspondence of the crime of torture introduced in the respective Criminal Codes to definition of the term contained in art. 1 of the 1984 UN Convention. The "vertical" and "horizontal" comparison will make it possible to identify which characteristics a "good crime of torture" should have, from a regulatory point of view, to establish some guidelines that attempt to solve the numerous interpretative problems posed by the unfortunate formulation of art. 613-bis of the Criminal Code and to answer the question on which the doctrine is wondering: "better a bad law than no law?".
Parlare di tortura, oggi, sembra anacronistico. Rievoca le battaglie intraprese contro la stessa nel periodo dell’Illuminismo. Tuttavia, si tratta di un fenomeno che «affiora prepotentemente dal passato e minaccia di avere un futuro». Essa ricompare nelle guerre, nelle dittature nelle carceri e come strumento di lotta al terrorismo internazionale. E’ dopo gli attacchi terroristici dell’11 settembre 2001 che è tornato in auge il discorso in ordine alla legittimità o meno delle pratiche di tortura, scoperchiandosi completamente quel vaso di Pandora che sembrava essere stato chiuso in maniera definitiva dall’Illuminismo. In questo delicato momento storico governato dall’insicurezza e dalla paura a causa dei dilaganti fenomeni terroristici, riaffiorano diversi temi quale quello della sicurezza, dello stato di emergenza, del diritto penale del nemico. Sono proprio questi i temi che rischiano di far perdere di vista i diritti fondamentali della persona umana, i quali vengono sacrificati di fronte al bisogno della sicurezza e di forme di ricerca della prova sempre più pervasive. Solo tardivamente, su impulso delle non rare condanne della Corte di Strasburgo per violazione dell’art. 3 CEDU, l’Italia si è adeguata alla Convenzione ONU contro la tortura del 1984 introducendo, con la legge n. 110 del 2017, una (già) controversa fattispecie incriminatrice all’art. 613-bis (tortura), il cui drafting legislativo ha fatto molto discutere fin da subito. Di fronte alla nuova fattispecie ed ai suoi difetti di formulazione, pare opportuno domandarsi se sarebbe stato auspicabile rimanere nella situazione pregressa o se la sua approvazione rappresenti, comunque, un passo in avanti per la tutela dei diritti umani. L'elaborato muoverà da una ricognizione dell’ordinamento sovranazionale, per poi analizzare le soluzioni adottate nelle legislazioni penali di tutti i Paesi europei che saranno suddivisi per modelli a seconda di una maggiore o minore corrispondenza del reato di tortura introdotto nei rispettivi Codici penali alla definizione del termine contenuta nell’art. 1 della Convenzione ONU del 1984. La comparazione «verticale» ed «orizzontale» consentirà di individuare quali caratteristiche dovrebbe avere, da un punto di vista normativo, un «buon reato di tortura», di stabilire alcune linee guida che tentino di risolvere i numerosi problemi interpretativi posti dall’infelice formulazione dell’art. 613-bis c.p. e di rispondere al quesito sul quale la dottrina si sta interrogando: «meglio una brutta legge che nessuna legge?».
DELITTO DI TORTURA: UN PASSO IN AVANTI NELLA TUTELA DEI DIRITTI UMANI IN ITALIA?
SICCARDI, ILENIA
2021
Abstract
Talking about torture seems anachronistic today. It recalls the battles waged against it in the period of the Enlightenment. However, it is a phenomenon that «emerges forcefully from the past and threatens to have a future». It reappears in wars, in dictatorships in prisons and as an instrument in the fight against international terrorism. It is after the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 that the discourse regarding the legitimacy or otherwise of torture practices has returned, completely uncovering that Pandora's box that seemed to have been closed definitively by the Enlightenment. In this delicate historical moment governed by insecurity and fear due to the rampant terrorist phenomena, various issues resurface such as that of security, the state of emergency, the criminal law of the enemy. These are precisely the issues that risk losing sight of the fundamental rights of the human person, which are sacrificed in the face of the need for security and ever more pervasive forms of seeking proof. Only belatedly, on the impulse of the not rare convictions of the Strasbourg Court for violation of art. 3 of the ECHR, Italy has adapted to the 1984 UN Convention against torture by introducing, with law no. 110 of 2017, an (already) controversial offending case under art. 613-bis (torture), whose legislative drafting caused a lot of discussion right away. Faced with the new case and its defects in formulation, it seems appropriate to ask whether it would have been desirable to remain in the previous situation or whether its approval represents, in any case, a step forward for the protection of human rights. It will therefore be appropriate to start from a survey of the supranational order and then analyze the solutions adopted in the criminal laws of all European countries which will be divided by models according to a greater or lesser correspondence of the crime of torture introduced in the respective Criminal Codes to definition of the term contained in art. 1 of the 1984 UN Convention. The "vertical" and "horizontal" comparison will make it possible to identify which characteristics a "good crime of torture" should have, from a regulatory point of view, to establish some guidelines that attempt to solve the numerous interpretative problems posed by the unfortunate formulation of art. 613-bis of the Criminal Code and to answer the question on which the doctrine is wondering: "better a bad law than no law?".File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/107366
URN:NBN:IT:UNIGE-107366