Acquisizione della lingua italiana e integrazione sociale in bambini d'età prescolare figli di immigrati: Fattori di promozione vs. ostacolo

According to the Ministry of Education (2009), 600.000 students with non-European citizenship were enrolled in Italian schools in 2009. Ministry data also show that they are rejected twice as often as their Italian peers. Factors which more heavily affect their academic performance are difficulties in the acquisition of the Italian language and in socializing with their peers. Learning two languages simultaneously may lead to forms of subtractive bilingualism, with a low proficiency in both languages and the risk of developing heavy language deficit (Bialystok, 2007, Lindsey et al., 2003; Manis et al., 2004; Favaro & Napoli, 2002, Hakuta et al., 2000).. Even social development may be hampered by discrepancies between family and school behavioral expectations, educational goals and caring practices (Keller, 2007; Miller, Harwood, 2002). An important resource to counteract these difficulties is the inclusion of immigrant children in kindergarten, as shown by studies conducted in the United States and Germany (Magnuson et al., 2006, Spiess et al., 2003). The aims of this study are: to document the level of Italian as a second language acquisition in immigrant children of preschool age, to document the level of social competence and social integration in the Italian educational context - in relation to age, gender and citizenship of children - and to analyze the relationship between factors hypothesized as potential promoters (vs. barriers) for Italian language development. 211 immigrant preschool children participated in this study, (mean = 4.5, SD = 0.96). 52 children had a Nigerian passport, 46 had Romanian passports, 36 had a Moroccan passport, 23 had Sri Lankan passport and, finally, 50 children had passports of various foreign nationalities. Researchers visited the children several times for evaluation oral comprehension (TOR 3-8) in Italian language, as knowledge of words and phrases, both in comprehension and production (TVL), and receptive vocabulary (PPTV -R). In order to assess children’s social competence, a multi-method approach was employed, comprising three different sources for data collection: direct observation of videotaped behavior; the perception of teachers who filled out a questionnaire for the assessment of social behavior in preschoolers and, finally, a sociogram, limited to the positive dimension of choice. Socio-demographic information about the children’s families were gathered through interviews with parents and teachers Comparison between the results of the linguistic tests and normative data shows very low levels of language skills, consistent with the data presented by international research. The 3-factor ANOVA (Age: 3 x Nationality: 5 x L2incasa: 2) applied to the different linguistic variables shows a significant effect not only of the Age of children, but also of the use of Italian at home. No effect of the Citizenship variable is shown. The 3-factor ANOVA (Age: 3 x Type: 2 x Group: 2 or Citizenship: 6) and its post-hoc applied to the different social data show a significant effect of Age, Group and Gender, with the differences in favor of Italian children who remain concentrated mainly in the 3 years old range for females, and in those of 3-4 years for males, suggesting that the influence of social integration in school is positive, especially for girls. Regarding the 3rd research goal, the regressions show that a large portion of linguistic variance is explained by competence and social integration measures and vice versa, indicating a close relationship between language and social skills.