Extensive research have shown that one or more brief episodes of nonlethal Ischemia/Reperfusion (I-R) protect against a sustained lethal episode of I-R. In fact, this phenomenon of ischemic conditioning produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) and is associated with an increased abundance of structurally and functionally defective proteins, which activate the UPR pathway. Patients affected by peripheral artery disease (PAD) suffer of calf muscle ischemia during walking activity which is followed by calf muscle reperfusion during rest. In this study we first evaluated whether a short-course of supervised physical training, characterized by repeated episodes of I-R, renders peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from PAD patients with intermittent claudication more resistant to I-R damages, secondly we examined the effect of repeated episodes of I-R on adaptative response in monocyte-like (THP-1) cells. 24 patients PAD with intermittent claudication (II stage), aged between 70 and 82 underwent a training period of 21 sessions. Each exercise session included: 30 minutes of aerobic exercise; treadmill exercise (speed 3,2 Km/h, slope 10%) for 50 minutes; the session was concluded with 20 minutes of exercise on cyclette without resistance. Treadmill exercise was prolonged till the onset of leg pain and then interrupted till resolution of symptoms; subsequently the patient restarted with the exercise. Supervised physical training increased MWD (Maximal Walking Distance) and PWFD (Pain Free Walking Distance) (p<0.001); reduced % apoptotic PBMC when compared to the start; reduced plasma MDA (p<0.01) and ROS generation in PBMC (p<0.01). On the contrary, plasma GSH was significantly increased (p<0.01). At the end of the physical training there was a significant rise of the UPR and Nrf2 pathways genes as well as in THP-1 cells subjected to multiple (from 1 to 5) cycles of I-R. After the first I-R a significant increase of ROS (p<0.01) and of MDA (p<0.01) in culture media was observed. Then, after the 5 periods of I-R, a significant reduction of ROS (p<0.01) and of MDA (p<0.01), associated with a marked increase of GSH (p<0.01), was observed. This is the first demonstration that relatively brief, repeated episodes of I-R in PBMC and in cultured cells have an antioxidant and survival role, probably related to UPR and Nrf2 activation.
I pazienti con arteriopatia obliterante degli arti inferiori (PAD: Peripheral Artery Disease) e claudicatio intermittens (CI) durante la deambulazione vanno incontro a ripetuti episodi di ischemia seguita da una riperfusione quando arrestano la marcia. Questo fenomeno di ischemia-riperfusione (I-R) è paradossalmente dannoso poiché genera specie reattive dell'ossigeno (ROS) che danneggiano le fibre muscolari e favoriscono la citotossicità e l’apoptosi. È stato recentemente dimostrato che brevi episodi di I-R che precedono (“ischemic preconditioning”, IP) una prolungata I-R sono in grado di ridurre i danni ischemici. In questo studio abbiamo prima valutato se l’esercizio fisico controllato, caratterizzato da ripetuti episodi di I-R, renda le cellule mononucleate del sangue periferico (PBMC) dei pazienti PAD e CI più resistenti ai danni da I-R, inducendo una risposta adattativa mediata dall’attivazione di Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) e del fattore di trascrizione nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor2 (Nrf2). Tutti i pazienti arruolati sono stati sottoposti ad un periodo di training di 21 sessioni caratterizzate da 50 minuti di esercizio su tapis roulant. All’inizio e alla fine dei 21 giorni di training, i pazienti hanno eseguito un test massimale (Treadmill Test) su tapis roulant come indicatore di risposta acuta all’I-R. Il training di esercizio fisico ha migliorato l’intervallo di marcia assoluto e l’intervallo di marcia libero dal dolore (p<0.01) e ha ridotto la % di PBMC apoptotici (p<0.01) provenienti dai pazienti con PAD e CI. L’esercizio fisico ha inoltre determinato una riduzione significativa della concentrazione plasmatica di malondialdeide (MDA) (p<0.01) e della produzione di ROS (p<0.01) nei PBMC dei pazienti con un contemporaneo aumento di GSH (p<0.01) sia in condizioni basali che in risposta al test massimale. Questi cambiamenti sono stati associati ad un aumento significativo di mRNA della proteina chinasi RNA-like ER chinasi (PERK) (p<0.01), della proteina 1α inositolo-dipendente (IRE1) (p<0.01) e dell’Nrf2 e allo stesso modo dei fattori di trascrizione nucleari corrispondenti e di Nrf2 (p<0.01). Sottoponendo le cellule THP-1 in coltura a diversi episodi di I-R c'è stato un progressivo aumento dell'attivazione di UPR e Nrf2 (p<0.01), mentre lo stress ossidativo e la citotossicità, dopo un aumento iniziale, si sono ridotti (p<0.01), suggerendo che l’esercizio fisico controllato può indurre un adattamento fenotipico simile all’IP.
Effetti dell’esercizio fisico controllato sui danni da ischemia/riperfusione nei pazienti con arteriopatia obliterante degli arti inferiori e claudicatio intermittens
Tinelli, Irene Alessandra
2017
Abstract
Extensive research have shown that one or more brief episodes of nonlethal Ischemia/Reperfusion (I-R) protect against a sustained lethal episode of I-R. In fact, this phenomenon of ischemic conditioning produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) and is associated with an increased abundance of structurally and functionally defective proteins, which activate the UPR pathway. Patients affected by peripheral artery disease (PAD) suffer of calf muscle ischemia during walking activity which is followed by calf muscle reperfusion during rest. In this study we first evaluated whether a short-course of supervised physical training, characterized by repeated episodes of I-R, renders peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from PAD patients with intermittent claudication more resistant to I-R damages, secondly we examined the effect of repeated episodes of I-R on adaptative response in monocyte-like (THP-1) cells. 24 patients PAD with intermittent claudication (II stage), aged between 70 and 82 underwent a training period of 21 sessions. Each exercise session included: 30 minutes of aerobic exercise; treadmill exercise (speed 3,2 Km/h, slope 10%) for 50 minutes; the session was concluded with 20 minutes of exercise on cyclette without resistance. Treadmill exercise was prolonged till the onset of leg pain and then interrupted till resolution of symptoms; subsequently the patient restarted with the exercise. Supervised physical training increased MWD (Maximal Walking Distance) and PWFD (Pain Free Walking Distance) (p<0.001); reduced % apoptotic PBMC when compared to the start; reduced plasma MDA (p<0.01) and ROS generation in PBMC (p<0.01). On the contrary, plasma GSH was significantly increased (p<0.01). At the end of the physical training there was a significant rise of the UPR and Nrf2 pathways genes as well as in THP-1 cells subjected to multiple (from 1 to 5) cycles of I-R. After the first I-R a significant increase of ROS (p<0.01) and of MDA (p<0.01) in culture media was observed. Then, after the 5 periods of I-R, a significant reduction of ROS (p<0.01) and of MDA (p<0.01), associated with a marked increase of GSH (p<0.01), was observed. This is the first demonstration that relatively brief, repeated episodes of I-R in PBMC and in cultured cells have an antioxidant and survival role, probably related to UPR and Nrf2 activation.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/113418
URN:NBN:IT:UNIVR-113418