Biomonitoring is a useful approach to assess the exposure to pollutants in human subjects. The aim of this project was the development of new analytical methods for the biomonitoring of exposure to volatile and persistent organic pollutants, their application to selected groups of subjects, and a comparison between different approaches (untargeted vs targeted approaches). A high-throughput isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometric method coupled with reversed-phase liquid chromatography (HPLC-MS/MS) was developed for the analysis of a total of 17 urinary mercapturic acids, as metabolites of several volatile organic compounds. A complete validation was carried out including precision, accuracy, linearity, sensibility, process efficiency, and external verification. This method was applied to a group of 49 coke-oven workers and 49 individuals living in the same area. Active tobacco smoking was an exclusion criterion for both groups. Urinary levels of the metabolites of benzene, styrene, acrylonitrile, and 1,3-butadiene were 2–10 fold higher in workers than in controls. The method was also applied to a group of subjects with different smoking habits, in particular: 38 non-smokers (NS), 7 electronic cigarette users (ECU), and 22 traditional tobacco smokers (TTS). Most of the measured mercapturic acids were 2 - 165 fold-higher in TTS compared to NS. The metabolites of acrylonitrile and acrolein were 1.8 and 4.9 fold-higher higher in ECU than NS, respectively. Furthermore, comparing smokers to non-smoking coke oven workers, the first were exposed to a greater amount of volatile organic compounds. An untargeted metabolomic approach was applied to the same population of subjects with different smoking habits. Samples were analysed by liquid chromatography/time-of flight mass spectrometry. Among putatively annotated compounds there were the glucuronide conjugated of 3-hydroxycotinine and the sulfate conjugate of methoxyphenol. Considering mercapturic acids, the coherence between the targeted and untargeted approach was found for a limited number of chemicals, typically the most abundant. Finally, an HPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of some endocrine-disrupting persistent chemicals was developed. Targeted molecules were bisphenol A and metabolites of phthalates, including emergent terephthalates. A complete validation was carried out and the method was applied to 36 non-occupationally exposed adults.
Il monitoraggio biologico è un utile approccio per valutare l'esposizione umana a sostanze inquinanti. Lo scopo di questo progetto è stato quello di sviluppare nuovi metodi analitici per il biomonitoraggio dell'esposizione umana a inquinanti organici volatili e persistenti, oltre alla loro applicazione a determinati gruppi di soggetti e ad un confronto tra diversi approcci (approcci mirati e non-mirati). Un metodo in spettrometria di massa tandem accoppiato con la cromatografia liquida in fase inversa (HPLC-MS/MS) è stato sviluppato per l'analisi di un totale di 17 acidi mercapturici urinari, metaboliti di diversi composti organici volatili. È stata eseguita una completa validazione includendo precisione, accuratezza, linearità, sensibilità, efficienza del processo di preparazione del campione e verifica esterna. Questo metodo è stato applicato a un gruppo di 49 lavoratori di una cokeria e 49 individui non-esposti che vivevano nella stessa area geografica. Il fumo di tabacco è stato un criterio di esclusione per entrambi i gruppi. I livelli urinari dei metaboliti di benzene, stirene, acrilonitrile e 1,3-butadiene erano da 2 a 10 volte più alti nei lavoratori rispetto ai controlli. Il metodo è stato applicato anche a un gruppo di soggetti con diverse abitudini al fumo, in particolare: 38 non-fumatori (NS), 7 utilizzatori di sigarette elettroniche (ECU) e 22 fumatori di sigarette tradizionali (TTS). La maggior parte degli acidi mercapturici misurati era da 2 a 165 volte più alta nei TTS rispetto ai NS. I metaboliti di acrilonitrile e acroleina erano, rispettivamente, 1.8 e 4.9 volte più alti nei ECU rispetto ai NS. Inoltre, confrontando i fumatori con i lavoratori della cokeria non fumatori, i primi sono stati esposti a una maggiore quantità di composti organici volatili. Un approccio di metabolomica non-mirata è stato applicato alla stessa popolazione di soggetti con diverse abitudini al fumo. I campioni sono stati analizzati mediante cromatografia liquida accoppiata a spettrometria di massa a tempo di volo. Tra i composti putativamente annotati vi erano il glucuronide coniugato della 3-idrossicotinina e il coniugato solfato del metossifenolo. Considerando gli acidi mercapturici, la coerenza tra l'approccio mirato e quello non mirato è stata trovata per un numero limitato di sostanze chimiche, tipicamente le più abbondanti. Infine, è stato sviluppato un metodo HPLC-MS/MS per la determinazione di alcune sostanze interferenti con il sistema endocrino. Le molecole analizzate comprendevano bisfenolo A e metaboliti di ftalati, inclusi tereftalati in quanto prodotti sostitutivi emergenti. È stata effettuata una completa validazione e il metodo è stato applicato a 36 adulti non esposti professionalmente.
DEVELOPMENT, VALIDATION, AND APPLICATION OF ANALYTICAL ASSAYS FOR THE HUMAN BIOMONITORING OF VOLATILE AND PERSISTENT ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
FRIGERIO, GIANFRANCO
2021
Abstract
Biomonitoring is a useful approach to assess the exposure to pollutants in human subjects. The aim of this project was the development of new analytical methods for the biomonitoring of exposure to volatile and persistent organic pollutants, their application to selected groups of subjects, and a comparison between different approaches (untargeted vs targeted approaches). A high-throughput isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometric method coupled with reversed-phase liquid chromatography (HPLC-MS/MS) was developed for the analysis of a total of 17 urinary mercapturic acids, as metabolites of several volatile organic compounds. A complete validation was carried out including precision, accuracy, linearity, sensibility, process efficiency, and external verification. This method was applied to a group of 49 coke-oven workers and 49 individuals living in the same area. Active tobacco smoking was an exclusion criterion for both groups. Urinary levels of the metabolites of benzene, styrene, acrylonitrile, and 1,3-butadiene were 2–10 fold higher in workers than in controls. The method was also applied to a group of subjects with different smoking habits, in particular: 38 non-smokers (NS), 7 electronic cigarette users (ECU), and 22 traditional tobacco smokers (TTS). Most of the measured mercapturic acids were 2 - 165 fold-higher in TTS compared to NS. The metabolites of acrylonitrile and acrolein were 1.8 and 4.9 fold-higher higher in ECU than NS, respectively. Furthermore, comparing smokers to non-smoking coke oven workers, the first were exposed to a greater amount of volatile organic compounds. An untargeted metabolomic approach was applied to the same population of subjects with different smoking habits. Samples were analysed by liquid chromatography/time-of flight mass spectrometry. Among putatively annotated compounds there were the glucuronide conjugated of 3-hydroxycotinine and the sulfate conjugate of methoxyphenol. Considering mercapturic acids, the coherence between the targeted and untargeted approach was found for a limited number of chemicals, typically the most abundant. Finally, an HPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of some endocrine-disrupting persistent chemicals was developed. Targeted molecules were bisphenol A and metabolites of phthalates, including emergent terephthalates. A complete validation was carried out and the method was applied to 36 non-occupationally exposed adults.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/114127
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMI-114127