Prisoners of war, soldiers of the Royal Army, fascists, partisans, unemployed, regular and irregular migrants are the profiles of Italian volunteers who enlisted in the French Foreign Legion since the mid-1930s, but overwhelmingly since the end of World War II. Such figures enriched the Corps, torn between the need to preserve deep unity and serve new wartime needs in the Indochinese territories from early 1946 until 1956. The stories of Italian legionnaires remain little studied, despite their widespread presence in the Legion and the relevance of their itineraries within post-war Italian and International history. Therefore, the present work offers a new reconstruction mainly of Italian and French history in the first ten years of the Cold War, using a perspective that adopts a prism of observation as a transnational military corps - studied here during the war of decolonization in Indochina - and the specific case of Italian combatants. More specifically, the thesis’s first section contains a reconstruction of the stories of the volunteers, from the geographical, social, political and cultural milieu of origin to the motivations and dynamics of enlistment, framed in the specific historical context, that of Italy, France and its colonies in the pre-war, wartime and post-war periods up to the mid-1950s. Indeed, an examination of the socio-political context from which the volunteers moved reveals forces and factors that cannot be ignored at the time of the decision to depart and join, also allowing one to investigate what consequences their enlistment produced on Italian and international authorities as well as on the Italian public opinion. The second section offers an in-depth study on employment on the war front and on related issues such as advancement in military rank, desertions and deaths in battle, tracing the evolution of the Indochina War in which the Foreign Legion was employed. The adoption of a prism of observation “d’en bas” allows us to show and enhance the actions of Italian Legionnaires, their contribution to the Indochina War, as well as the political and media attention given to them. Finally, the last section illustrates the paths of the volunteers at the conclusion of their time in Indochina highlighting what elements characterized and distinguished the Legionnaires’ itineraries; what legacy they left within the Legion; how their careers helped shape the Corps’ history and identity. Through the adoption of a transnational approach, it is therefore possible to study the criticalities of some little-known or yet unexplored aspects of Italian history after World War II into the mid-1950s and, in parallel, some of the dynamics of the history of France and its colonies during the Fourth Republic. Thus, the direct correlation between the political, socio-economic and migratory dynamics and fractures in Italy, the transformation of the French Empire and the presence of Italians in the Foreign Legion strongly emerge.
Prigionieri di guerra, soldati del regio esercito, fascisti, partigiani, disoccupati, migranti regolari e irregolari sono i profili dei volontari italiani arruolatisi nella Legione straniera francese dalla metà degli anni Trenta ma, in maniera preponderante, dalla fine del secondo conflitto mondiale. Di tali figure si arricchì il Corpo, diviso tra la necessità di conservare una profonda unitarietà e servire le nuove esigenze belliche nei territori indocinesi dall’inizio del 1946 e fino al 1956. Le storie dei legionari italiani rimangono ad oggi poco studiate, malgrado la loro capillare presenza nella Legione e la rilevanza dei loro itinerari per la storia italiana e internazionale del dopoguerra. Pertanto, il presente lavoro, attraverso il ricorso ad una prospettiva che adotta come prisma di osservazione un corpo militare transnazionale - qui studiato durante la guerra di decolonizzazione in Indocina - e il caso specifico dei combattenti italiani, offre una nuova ricostruzione principalmente della storia italiana e francese nei primi dieci anni di guerra fredda. Più precisamente, la prima sezione contiene una ricostruzione delle vicende dei volontari, dal milieu geografico, sociale, politico e culturale di provenienza alle motivazioni e alle dinamiche dell’arruolamento, inquadrate nello specifico contesto storico, quello dell’Italia, della Francia e delle sue colonie nel periodo prebellico, bellico e post bellico fino alla metà degli anni Cinquanta. Infatti, un esame del contesto socio-politico da cui si mossero i volontari rivela forze e fattori che non possono essere ignorati al momento della decisione della partenza e dell’ingaggio, permettendo anche di indagare quali conseguenze produsse il loro arruolamento su autorità italiane, internazionali nonché sull’opinione pubblica italiana. La seconda sezione offre un approfondimento inerente all’impiego sul fronte bellico e alle questioni ad esso connesse, quali l’avanzamento nel grado militare, le diserzioni, le morti in battaglia, ripercorrendo l’evoluzione della guerra di Indocina in cui fu impiegata la Legione straniera attraverso un prisma d’osservazione “d’en bas” per mostrare e valorizzare le azioni dei combattenti italiani, il loro contributo nella guerra di Indocina nonché l’attenzione politica e mediatica a loro rivolta. Infine, l’ultima sezione illustra i percorsi dei volontari a conclusione del loro periodo in Indocina, evidenziando quali elementi caratterizzarono e distinsero gli itinerari dei legionari; quale eredità lasciarono alla Legione; in che modo le loro carriere contribuirono a plasmare la storia e l’identità del Corpo. Attraverso l’adozione di un approccio transnazionale è pertanto possibile studiare le criticità di alcuni aspetti poco noti o ancora inesplorati della storia italiana dal secondo dopoguerra a metà degli anni Cinquanta e, in parallelo, alcune dinamiche della storia della Francia e delle sue colonie durante la IV Repubblica. Si evince così la diretta correlazione tra le dinamiche e fratture politiche, socio-economiche e migratorie in Italia, le trasformazioni dell’impero francese e la presenza di italiani nella Legione straniera.
PATRIE INTERNATIONALE DE LA DEUXIÈME CHANCE?ITALIANI NELLA LEGIONE STRANIERA FRANCESE DURANTE LA GUERRA DI DECOLONIZZAZIONE IN INDOCINA (1946-1956)
TERZOLI, MARIELLA
2023
Abstract
Prisoners of war, soldiers of the Royal Army, fascists, partisans, unemployed, regular and irregular migrants are the profiles of Italian volunteers who enlisted in the French Foreign Legion since the mid-1930s, but overwhelmingly since the end of World War II. Such figures enriched the Corps, torn between the need to preserve deep unity and serve new wartime needs in the Indochinese territories from early 1946 until 1956. The stories of Italian legionnaires remain little studied, despite their widespread presence in the Legion and the relevance of their itineraries within post-war Italian and International history. Therefore, the present work offers a new reconstruction mainly of Italian and French history in the first ten years of the Cold War, using a perspective that adopts a prism of observation as a transnational military corps - studied here during the war of decolonization in Indochina - and the specific case of Italian combatants. More specifically, the thesis’s first section contains a reconstruction of the stories of the volunteers, from the geographical, social, political and cultural milieu of origin to the motivations and dynamics of enlistment, framed in the specific historical context, that of Italy, France and its colonies in the pre-war, wartime and post-war periods up to the mid-1950s. Indeed, an examination of the socio-political context from which the volunteers moved reveals forces and factors that cannot be ignored at the time of the decision to depart and join, also allowing one to investigate what consequences their enlistment produced on Italian and international authorities as well as on the Italian public opinion. The second section offers an in-depth study on employment on the war front and on related issues such as advancement in military rank, desertions and deaths in battle, tracing the evolution of the Indochina War in which the Foreign Legion was employed. The adoption of a prism of observation “d’en bas” allows us to show and enhance the actions of Italian Legionnaires, their contribution to the Indochina War, as well as the political and media attention given to them. Finally, the last section illustrates the paths of the volunteers at the conclusion of their time in Indochina highlighting what elements characterized and distinguished the Legionnaires’ itineraries; what legacy they left within the Legion; how their careers helped shape the Corps’ history and identity. Through the adoption of a transnational approach, it is therefore possible to study the criticalities of some little-known or yet unexplored aspects of Italian history after World War II into the mid-1950s and, in parallel, some of the dynamics of the history of France and its colonies during the Fourth Republic. Thus, the direct correlation between the political, socio-economic and migratory dynamics and fractures in Italy, the transformation of the French Empire and the presence of Italians in the Foreign Legion strongly emerge.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/114230
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMI-114230