Purpose: In recent decades, there has been a prolific and comprehensive accrual of knowledge surrounding the assessment of pragmatic language development (PLD) and the diagnosis of pragmatic language impairment (PLI) in individuals across the age spectrum. Nevertheless, the amassed evidence presents a myriad of contradictions and ambiguities, rendering it challenging to delineate the specific characteristics of PLI, determine the appropriate assessment criteria, and ascertain optimal diagnostic strategies. Consequently, this study endeavours to elucidate these discrepancies by examining competing explanations within the existing literature. Building upon this premise, this investigation poses the following questions: (1) What do the most recent advancements, challenges, and opportunities in the assessment of PLD and the diagnosis of PLI reveal through a state-of-the-art review? (2) What are the key concepts, models, and assessment tools utilized for evaluating pragmatic language development (PLD) and diagnosing pragmatic language impairment (PLI) in preschoolers exhibiting typical and atypical development, as identified by a scoping review? (3) How do the relative effectiveness and key differences among pragmatic language interventions, as well as the prevailing competing views, influence the improvement of pragmatic language skills in individuals with PLI, as evaluated by an umbrella review? (4) How do gender, age, and pragmatic language development interrelate among Italian preschool children with and without neurodevelopmental disorders, and what patterns emerge in pragmatic language skills when assessed using the Pragmatic Language Abilities (APL), Children's Communication Checklist-Version 2 (CCC-2), and Targeted Observation of Pragmatics in Children's Conversations (TOPICC) scales in a cross-sectional study? Methods: This study adopts the pragmatic worldview as its guiding framework, employing the exploratory sequential design to address the posed research questions. In accordance with this design, both the instrument and the taxonomy development models align with the formulated inquiries. Data collection encompasses four distinct phases: (1) a state-of-the-art review exploring recent literature related to PLI, (2) a scoping review examining the conceptualization of PLD and PLI, (3) an umbrella review scrutinizing the effectiveness of existing intervention approaches and assessment tools for PLI, and (4) an empirical study assessing disparities between formal and informal tools for evaluating PLD and diagnosing PLI in school and clinical settings in Italy. Results: The state-of-the-art review accentuates the necessity for additional research to untangle competing explanations and establish a cohesive approach to PLD assessment and PLI diagnosis. The scoping review discerns inconsistencies in terminology and methodology within the field, underscoring the importance of integrating direct and indirect assessments for precise PLI diagnosis. The umbrella review unveils that cognitive-linguistic interventions possess the strongest evidence supporting their efficacy, while also emphasizing the need for customized, multifaceted interventions that address the intricacies of PLI. The cross-sectional study reveals no significant association between gender and PLD, although age exhibits a positive correlation with specific aspects of pragmatic language skills. Moreover, children with neurodevelopmental disorders display notable differences in pragmatic language development compared to their typically developing counterparts. Conclusions: This dissertation underscores the significance of early identification and intervention for children with PLI, advocating for continued research to enhance comprehension and methodologies within the realm. A comprehensive, unified approach to assessment and diagnosis, as well as tailored, multifaceted interventions, is paramount for addressing the complex nature of PLI in preschoolers.
Scopo: Negli ultimi decenni, si è assistito a un'accumulazione prolifica e completa di conoscenze riguardanti la valutazione dello sviluppo del linguaggio pragmatico (PLD) e la diagnosi del deficit del linguaggio pragmatico (PLI) in individui in tutto lo spettro dell'età. Tuttavia, le prove raccolte presentano una miriade di contraddizioni e ambiguità, rendendo difficile delineare le caratteristiche specifiche del PLI, determinare i criteri di valutazione appropriati e individuare le strategie diagnostiche ottimali. Di conseguenza, questo studio si propone di chiarire queste discrepanze esaminando le spiegazioni concorrenti nella letteratura esistente. Partendo da questa premessa, questa ricerca pone le seguenti domande: (1) Quali sono gli sviluppi, le sfide e le opportunità più recenti nella valutazione del PLD e nella diagnosi del PLI rivelati attraverso una revisione dello stato dell'arte? (2) Quali sono i concetti chiave, i modelli e gli strumenti di valutazione utilizzati per valutare lo sviluppo del linguaggio pragmatico (PLD) e diagnosticare il deficit del linguaggio pragmatico (PLI) nei bambini in età prescolare con sviluppo tipico e atipico, come identificato da una revisione ad ampio raggio? (3) In che modo l'efficacia relativa e le differenze chiave tra gli interventi sul linguaggio pragmatico, nonché le opinioni prevalenti concorrenti, influenzano il miglioramento delle abilità del linguaggio pragmatico negli individui con PLI, come valutato da una revisione ombrello? (4) In che modo il genere, l'età e lo sviluppo del linguaggio pragmatico si interrelazionano tra i bambini italiani in età prescolare con e senza disturbi dello sviluppo neurologico, e quali schemi emergono nelle abilità del linguaggio pragmatico quando valutate utilizzando le scale Pragmatic Language Abilities (APL), Children's Communication Checklist-Version 2 (CCC-2) e Targeted Observation of Pragmatics in Children's Conversations (TOPICC) in uno studio trasversale? Metodi: Questo studio adotta la visione del mondo pragmatico come suo quadro guida, utilizzando il design sequenziale esplorativo per affrontare le domande di ricerca poste. In conformità con questo design, sia il modello di sviluppo degli strumenti che quello della tassonomia si allineano alle indagini formulate. La raccolta dei dati comprende quattro fasi distinte: (1) una revisione dello stato dell'arte che esplora la letteratura recente relativa al PLI, (2) una revisione ad ampio raggio che esamina la concettualizzazione del PLD e del PLI, (3) una revisione ombrello che analizza l'efficacia degli approcci di intervento esistenti e gli strumenti di valutazione per il PLI, e (4) uno studio empirico che valuta le disparità tra gli strumenti formali e informali per valutare il PLD e diagnosticare il PLI in contesti scolastici e clinici in Italia. Risultati: La revisione dello stato dell'arte sottolinea la necessità di ulteriori ricerche per districare le spiegazioni concorrenti e stabilire un approccio coeso alla valutazione del PLD e alla diagnosi del PLI. La revisione ad ampio raggio individua delle incoerenze nella terminologia e nella metodologia all'interno del campo, sottolineando l'importanza di integrare valutazioni dirette e indirette per una diagnosi precisa del PLI. La revisione “ombrello” rivela che gli interventi cognitivo-linguistici possiedono le prove più forti a sostegno della loro efficacia, sottolineando anche la necessità di interventi personalizzati e multifattoriali che affrontino le complessità del PLI. Lo studio trasversale non rivela alcuna associazione significativa tra genere e PLD, sebbene l'età mostri una correlazione positiva con alcuni aspetti delle abilità del linguaggio pragmatico. Inoltre, i bambini con disturbi dello sviluppo neurologico mostrano differenze notevoli nello sviluppo del linguaggio pragmatico rispetto ai loro coetanei con sviluppo tipico.
A multi-dimensional assessment of developmental trajectories of pragmatic language development in preschoolers with and without pragmatic language impairment
ALDUAIS, AHMED MOHAMMED SALEH
2024
Abstract
Purpose: In recent decades, there has been a prolific and comprehensive accrual of knowledge surrounding the assessment of pragmatic language development (PLD) and the diagnosis of pragmatic language impairment (PLI) in individuals across the age spectrum. Nevertheless, the amassed evidence presents a myriad of contradictions and ambiguities, rendering it challenging to delineate the specific characteristics of PLI, determine the appropriate assessment criteria, and ascertain optimal diagnostic strategies. Consequently, this study endeavours to elucidate these discrepancies by examining competing explanations within the existing literature. Building upon this premise, this investigation poses the following questions: (1) What do the most recent advancements, challenges, and opportunities in the assessment of PLD and the diagnosis of PLI reveal through a state-of-the-art review? (2) What are the key concepts, models, and assessment tools utilized for evaluating pragmatic language development (PLD) and diagnosing pragmatic language impairment (PLI) in preschoolers exhibiting typical and atypical development, as identified by a scoping review? (3) How do the relative effectiveness and key differences among pragmatic language interventions, as well as the prevailing competing views, influence the improvement of pragmatic language skills in individuals with PLI, as evaluated by an umbrella review? (4) How do gender, age, and pragmatic language development interrelate among Italian preschool children with and without neurodevelopmental disorders, and what patterns emerge in pragmatic language skills when assessed using the Pragmatic Language Abilities (APL), Children's Communication Checklist-Version 2 (CCC-2), and Targeted Observation of Pragmatics in Children's Conversations (TOPICC) scales in a cross-sectional study? Methods: This study adopts the pragmatic worldview as its guiding framework, employing the exploratory sequential design to address the posed research questions. In accordance with this design, both the instrument and the taxonomy development models align with the formulated inquiries. Data collection encompasses four distinct phases: (1) a state-of-the-art review exploring recent literature related to PLI, (2) a scoping review examining the conceptualization of PLD and PLI, (3) an umbrella review scrutinizing the effectiveness of existing intervention approaches and assessment tools for PLI, and (4) an empirical study assessing disparities between formal and informal tools for evaluating PLD and diagnosing PLI in school and clinical settings in Italy. Results: The state-of-the-art review accentuates the necessity for additional research to untangle competing explanations and establish a cohesive approach to PLD assessment and PLI diagnosis. The scoping review discerns inconsistencies in terminology and methodology within the field, underscoring the importance of integrating direct and indirect assessments for precise PLI diagnosis. The umbrella review unveils that cognitive-linguistic interventions possess the strongest evidence supporting their efficacy, while also emphasizing the need for customized, multifaceted interventions that address the intricacies of PLI. The cross-sectional study reveals no significant association between gender and PLD, although age exhibits a positive correlation with specific aspects of pragmatic language skills. Moreover, children with neurodevelopmental disorders display notable differences in pragmatic language development compared to their typically developing counterparts. Conclusions: This dissertation underscores the significance of early identification and intervention for children with PLI, advocating for continued research to enhance comprehension and methodologies within the realm. A comprehensive, unified approach to assessment and diagnosis, as well as tailored, multifaceted interventions, is paramount for addressing the complex nature of PLI in preschoolers.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/115867
URN:NBN:IT:UNIVR-115867