As a result of the biocultural turn, attempts to draw theories and methods from neuroscience and the humanities have been flourishing in the last decade. This process is like a journey poised between a genuine interdisciplinary dialogue and a multidisciplinary rhetoric, potentially reverting to oversimplification or neuromania. The current dissertation stands in this uncertain path, hoping to pursue a route to knowledge grounded both in aesthetics and in neuroscience. Aesthetics, as the science of sensorial knowledge, and neuroscience, as rooted in embodied simulation theory, posit that seeing is also feeling, and in this way the multimodal observation of art and the embodied phenomenological state it evokes are intertwined. Thus, aesthetic experience is a mediated form of intersubjectivity, where artist and beholder meet through the mediation of the work of art. Among social stimuli, the face is unique in conveying relational meanings, as the encounter with the face is a genuine access to the Other. Emotional resonance established with the face also occurs through the mediated form of its encounter, like when beholding a portrait or a self-portrait. Several studies used these paintings in order to investigate the preference to display one’s left cheek (left cheek bias). This empirical interest stems from other biases inherent in asymmetries and lateralization during face and emotion processing: greater expressivity of the left side of the face, preference to direct and to spend more time looking at the left side of faces (left gaze bias), tendency to allocate attention in the left visual field (left visual field advantage). The simultaneous occurrence of these left-sided biases, however, has hardly been studied. Portrait and self-portrait genres have features that render them useful in studying the occurrence of these left-side biases. Indeed, before the advent of photography, most artists relied on mirrors to paint their self-portraits. As a result, the left side of the artist’s face was painted on the left side of the canvas, contrary to portraits. Thus, the emotional perception of portraits and self-portraits painted between the XV and the XVIII century was investigated through behavioural, eye-tracking and EEG studies. The eye-tracking study aimed to investigate participants’ ability to distinguish male portraits from self-portraits and their visual scan-paths and emotional intensity ratings. Portraits and self-portraits were presented in both canonical and mirrored orientation. The results showed that participants, in spite of their impossibility to distinguish self-portraits from portraits, nevertheless assigned greater emotional intensity rating to self-portraits. Furthermore, they showed shorter latency of the first fixation to self-portraits with respect to portraits. In addition, the duration of the first fixation supported both the role played by the greater expressiveness of the left side of the face and the left visual field bias. In a further behavioural study, the greater emotional intensity rating for self-portraits was also replicated with female models. Then, the same paintings showed in the eye-tracking study were used in an EEG study. The ERP components related to the face processing and emotional content such as P1, N170, EPN and LPP were investigated. The results showed a greater amplitude of the P1 and EPN component for self-portraits and a greater amplitude of the N170 for portraits. The current studies show that the encounter with the faces of portraits and self-portraits is a multifaceted experience. Thus, its study greatly benefits from an interdisciplinary approach, offering new clues for both the aesthetic and neuroscientific understanding of face processing.
Con la svolta bioculturale, sono fioriti i tentativi di coniugare il sapere e i metodi delle discipline scientifiche con quelle umanistiche. Si tratta di un cammino in bilico tra un vero dialogo interdisciplinare e una retorica multidisciplinare che può portare all’eccessiva semplificazione o neuromania. Il presente elaborato si colloca in questo incerto sentiero con l’aspirazione di seguire un percorso basato sulla conoscenza sia dell’estetica sia delle neuroscienze. L’estetica, in quanto scienza della conoscenza sensibile, e le neuroscienze, basate sulla teoria della simulazione incarnata, mostrano che vedere è anche sentire, quindi la fruizione multimodale visiva dell’arte e il sentire incarnato che ne deriva sono interconnessi. L’esperienza estetica è una forma mediata di intersoggettività in cui l’artista e il fruitore si incontrano attraverso la mediazione di un’opera d’arte. Tra gli stimoli rilevanti a livello sociale il volto spicca nel comunicare significati relazionali, tanto che crea un accesso privilegiato all’Altro. La risonanza emotiva con il volto altrui avviene anche nella forma mediata tramite l’osservazione di ritratti e di autoritratti. Diversi studi hanno impiegato queste opere per indagare la tendenza a mostrare di più la parte sinistra del viso (left cheek bias). Questo interesse deriva dall’esistenza di altre tendenze inerenti l’asimmetria e la lateralizzazione nell’elaborazione dei volti e delle emozioni: maggiore espressività della parte sinistra del volto, tendenza a osservare prima e più a lungo la parte sinistra dei volti (left gaze bias) e propensione a focalizzare l’attenzione nell’emicampo visivo sinistro (left visual field advantage). Queste diverse tendenze, tuttavia, sono state raramente studiate insieme. Un mezzo per poterle esplorare contemporaneamente è rappresentato da ritratti e autoritratti. La maggior parte degli artisti, prima dell’avvento della fotografia, dipingeva il proprio autoritratto con l’ausilio dello specchio. In questo modo la parte anatomica sinistra del volto veniva rappresentata nella metà sinistra della tela, contrariamente ai ritratti. Tramite studi comportamentali, di eye-tracking ed EEG è stata indagata la percezione emotiva di ritratti e di autoritratti dipinti tra il XV e il XVIII secolo. Nello studio eye-tracking ai partecipanti venivano mostrati autoritratti e ritratti maschili nel formato canonico e nel formato speculare. Il compito richiedeva di distinguere i ritratti dagli autoritratti e di giudicarne l’intensità emotiva. I partecipanti, pur non distinguendo gli autoritratti dai ritratti, hanno attribuito ai primi un maggiore punteggio di intensità emotiva. Inoltre, i risultati dell’eye-tracking hanno mostrato una latenza della prima fissazione più breve per gli autoritratti. I risultati sulla durata della prima fissazione mostrano il ruolo giocato sia dalla maggiore espressività della parte sinistra del volto sia della tendenza a focalizzare l’attenzione nell’emicampo visivo sinistro. In un ulteriore studio comportamentale la maggiore intensità emotiva attribuita agli autoritratti è stata replicata con modelli femminili. Successivamente, è stato condotto uno studio EEG presentando le stesse opere dello studio eye-tracking. Sono state indagate le componenti ERP legate al processamento dei volti e del contenuto emotivo quali: P1, N170, EPN e LPP. I risultati mostrano una maggiore ampiezza della componente P1 ed EPN per gli autoritratti e una maggiore ampiezza della N170 per i ritratti. Questi studi mostrano che l’incontro con i volti di ritratti e autoritratti è una esperienza sfaccettata. Il suo studio, quindi, trae beneficio dall’impiego di un approccio interdisciplinare, offrendo nuovi spunti di riflessione sul tema dei volti all’estetica e alle neuroscienze.
L’esperienza estetica di ritratti e autoritratti. Uno studio comportamentale, eye-tracking ed EEG.
SIRI, FRANCESCA
2020
Abstract
As a result of the biocultural turn, attempts to draw theories and methods from neuroscience and the humanities have been flourishing in the last decade. This process is like a journey poised between a genuine interdisciplinary dialogue and a multidisciplinary rhetoric, potentially reverting to oversimplification or neuromania. The current dissertation stands in this uncertain path, hoping to pursue a route to knowledge grounded both in aesthetics and in neuroscience. Aesthetics, as the science of sensorial knowledge, and neuroscience, as rooted in embodied simulation theory, posit that seeing is also feeling, and in this way the multimodal observation of art and the embodied phenomenological state it evokes are intertwined. Thus, aesthetic experience is a mediated form of intersubjectivity, where artist and beholder meet through the mediation of the work of art. Among social stimuli, the face is unique in conveying relational meanings, as the encounter with the face is a genuine access to the Other. Emotional resonance established with the face also occurs through the mediated form of its encounter, like when beholding a portrait or a self-portrait. Several studies used these paintings in order to investigate the preference to display one’s left cheek (left cheek bias). This empirical interest stems from other biases inherent in asymmetries and lateralization during face and emotion processing: greater expressivity of the left side of the face, preference to direct and to spend more time looking at the left side of faces (left gaze bias), tendency to allocate attention in the left visual field (left visual field advantage). The simultaneous occurrence of these left-sided biases, however, has hardly been studied. Portrait and self-portrait genres have features that render them useful in studying the occurrence of these left-side biases. Indeed, before the advent of photography, most artists relied on mirrors to paint their self-portraits. As a result, the left side of the artist’s face was painted on the left side of the canvas, contrary to portraits. Thus, the emotional perception of portraits and self-portraits painted between the XV and the XVIII century was investigated through behavioural, eye-tracking and EEG studies. The eye-tracking study aimed to investigate participants’ ability to distinguish male portraits from self-portraits and their visual scan-paths and emotional intensity ratings. Portraits and self-portraits were presented in both canonical and mirrored orientation. The results showed that participants, in spite of their impossibility to distinguish self-portraits from portraits, nevertheless assigned greater emotional intensity rating to self-portraits. Furthermore, they showed shorter latency of the first fixation to self-portraits with respect to portraits. In addition, the duration of the first fixation supported both the role played by the greater expressiveness of the left side of the face and the left visual field bias. In a further behavioural study, the greater emotional intensity rating for self-portraits was also replicated with female models. Then, the same paintings showed in the eye-tracking study were used in an EEG study. The ERP components related to the face processing and emotional content such as P1, N170, EPN and LPP were investigated. The results showed a greater amplitude of the P1 and EPN component for self-portraits and a greater amplitude of the N170 for portraits. The current studies show that the encounter with the faces of portraits and self-portraits is a multifaceted experience. Thus, its study greatly benefits from an interdisciplinary approach, offering new clues for both the aesthetic and neuroscientific understanding of face processing.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/117902
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMORE-117902