Background: Preoperative radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy has been demonstrated of value in reducing local recurrence rates and improving overall survival in rectal cancer. Radiation-induced changes in the tumor are well described, whereas less attention has been given to the non-neoplastic mucosa. Our aim is to provide a detailed analysis of morphological, immunohistochemical and genetic features present in non-neoplastic mucosa. Pathologists need to be familiar with aforementioned morphological features, when evaluating rectal cancer specimens of patients preoperatively treated with radiotherapy, especially with short-course regimen, in order to avoid misdiagnosis. Methods and Results: We compared 2 groups of 95 rectal cancer patients treated preoperatively with either short-course (25 Gy administered in 5 consecutive days, followed by surgery a few days after; 45 patients) or long-course radiotherapy (45-50 Gy in 4-6 weeks, followed by surgery 4 weeks later; 50 patients). Depending on the type of protocol, different histopathological features, in terms of inflammation, glandular abnormalities and endocrine differentiation were seen in the non-neoplastic mucosa within the irradiated volume. Of note, features mimicking dysplasia, such as crypt distortion, nuclear and cytoplasmic atypia of glandular epithelium, were identified only in the short-course group. DNA mutation analysis, using a panel of 56 genes frequently mutated in colorectal cancer, and p53 immunostaining were performed on both neoplastic and radiation-damaged non-neoplastic mucosa in a subset of short-course cases. Somatic mutations were identified only in neoplastic mucosa, supporting the concept that tissues with radiation-induced “dysplastic-like” features are not genetically transformed. Conclusions: Pathologists should be aware of the characteristic morphological changes induced by radiation. The presence of features simulating dysplasia in the group treated with short-course radiotherapy may lead to serious diagnostic mistakes, if erroneously interpreted. NGS analysis further validated the morphological concept that radiation-induced abnormalities do not represent pre-neoplastic lesions.
Background: La radioterapia preoperatoria con o senza chemioterapia si è dimostrata utile nel ridurre i tassi di recidiva locale e nel migliorare la sopravvivenza globale nel cancro del retto. I cambiamenti indotti dalle radiazioni nel tumore sono ben descritti, mentre è stata prestata meno attenzione agli effetti delle stesse nella mucosa non neoplastica. Il nostro scopo è fornire un'analisi dettagliata delle caratteristiche morfologiche, immunoistochimiche e genetiche presenti nella mucosa non neoplastica. E’ necessario che i patologi acquisiscano familiarità con le suddette caratteristiche morfologiche, quando valutano campioni di cancro del retto di pazienti trattati con radioterapia preoperatoria, in particolare con schema short-course, al fine di evitare diagnosi errate. Metodi e risultati: Abbiamo confrontato 2 gruppi di 95 pazienti con cancro del retto trattati con radioterapia preoperatoria short-course (25 Gy somministrati in 5 giorni consecutivi, seguiti da intervento chirurgico pochi giorni dopo; 45 pazienti) o radioterapia long-course (45-50 Gy in 4-6 settimane, seguito da intervento chirurgico 4 settimane dopo; 50 pazienti). A seconda del tipo di protocollo, sono state osservate diverse caratteristiche istopatologiche, in termini di infiammazione, anomalie ghiandolari e differenziazione endocrina nella mucosa non neoplastica all'interno del volume irradiato. Da notare che le caratteristiche che imitano la displasia come la distorsione della cripta, l'atipia nucleare e citoplasmatica dell'epitelio ghiandolare, sono state identificate solo nel gruppo short-course. L'analisi della mutazione del DNA, utilizzando un pannello di 56 geni frequentemente mutati nel cancro del colon-retto, e l'immunocolorazione con p53 sono state eseguite sia su mucosa neoplastica che su mucosa non neoplastica e danneggiata da radiazioni in un sottogruppo di pazienti short-course. Mutazioni somatiche sono state identificate solo nella mucosa neoplastica, supportando il concetto che i tessuti con caratteristiche "displasiche" indotte dalle radiazioni non sono geneticamente trasformati. Conclusioni: I patologi dovrebbero essere consapevoli dei caratteristici cambiamenti morfologici indotti dalle radiazioni. La presenza di caratteristiche che simulano la displasia nel gruppo trattato con radioterapia short-course può portare a gravi errori diagnostici, se interpretata erroneamente. L'analisi NGS ha ulteriormente convalidato il concetto morfologico secondo cui le anomalie indotte dalle radiazioni non rappresentano lesioni pre-neoplastiche.
Colite acuta da raggi dopo radioterapia preoperatoria short-course per il cancro del retto: uno studio morfologico, immunoistochimico e genetico
Zizzo, Maurizio
2021
Abstract
Background: Preoperative radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy has been demonstrated of value in reducing local recurrence rates and improving overall survival in rectal cancer. Radiation-induced changes in the tumor are well described, whereas less attention has been given to the non-neoplastic mucosa. Our aim is to provide a detailed analysis of morphological, immunohistochemical and genetic features present in non-neoplastic mucosa. Pathologists need to be familiar with aforementioned morphological features, when evaluating rectal cancer specimens of patients preoperatively treated with radiotherapy, especially with short-course regimen, in order to avoid misdiagnosis. Methods and Results: We compared 2 groups of 95 rectal cancer patients treated preoperatively with either short-course (25 Gy administered in 5 consecutive days, followed by surgery a few days after; 45 patients) or long-course radiotherapy (45-50 Gy in 4-6 weeks, followed by surgery 4 weeks later; 50 patients). Depending on the type of protocol, different histopathological features, in terms of inflammation, glandular abnormalities and endocrine differentiation were seen in the non-neoplastic mucosa within the irradiated volume. Of note, features mimicking dysplasia, such as crypt distortion, nuclear and cytoplasmic atypia of glandular epithelium, were identified only in the short-course group. DNA mutation analysis, using a panel of 56 genes frequently mutated in colorectal cancer, and p53 immunostaining were performed on both neoplastic and radiation-damaged non-neoplastic mucosa in a subset of short-course cases. Somatic mutations were identified only in neoplastic mucosa, supporting the concept that tissues with radiation-induced “dysplastic-like” features are not genetically transformed. Conclusions: Pathologists should be aware of the characteristic morphological changes induced by radiation. The presence of features simulating dysplasia in the group treated with short-course radiotherapy may lead to serious diagnostic mistakes, if erroneously interpreted. NGS analysis further validated the morphological concept that radiation-induced abnormalities do not represent pre-neoplastic lesions.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/117913
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMORE-117913