The negotiation and licensing of standard essential patents, possibly subject to FRAND commitments, often give rise to tensions between implementers and patent owners due to the strategic conducts the parties may engage in. On the one hand, patent hold-up would allow the owners of standard essential patents to impose unfair licensing terms, exploiting the threat of exercising exclusive rights while implementers find themselves locked-in in the standard, once established in the market. On the other hand, patent hold-out allows implementers to engage in dilatory conducts forcing owners into costly enforcement campaigns, often inadequate to compensate for the damages suffered, thus enabling implementers to make the infringement of others' patents a conscious and profitable business choice. The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the role that patent remedies can play in curbing hold-up and hold-out phenomena. In other words, the research question investigates whether part of the inefficiencies of the system lie in the possibility for the parties to reasonably hope to obtain more benefit out of the negotiation context through strategic conducts, whereas the remedies should prevent the holders’ overcompensation on the one hand and the implementers’ efficient infringement on the other. This investigation falls within the debate between property and liability rules, as one should consider which form of protection is preferable in relation to standard essential patents: the exclusive or the compensatory one. While a strong system made of liability rules would seem the better answer to hold-up, at the same time a strong system of property rules would seem the better answer to hold-out. The outcome, therefore, can only be a balanced solution in which neither hold-up nor hold-out conducts pay off, where the parties are aware that they cannot profit from their own strategic behaviour, and where negotiation in good faith of the licence conditions appears to be the preferable solution for all parties. Part I provides the framework for standards and standard essential patents, emphasising the growing importance of standardisation in modern and future society and the evolving global geopolitical scenarios, which also have an impact on standardisation. Part II reconstructs, in general terms, the arguments for and against property and liability rules, the content of the patent rights, and the possible limits placed on exclusive patent rights. Part III analyses the relevance and content of the FRAND commitment in more detail, from a contractual and antitrust perspective, and attempts to define what should be understood by a FRAND royalty. Parts IV and V review the case law and policy on standard essential patents to outline the different approaches established mainly in the US and Europe, from an injunctive and compensatory perspective, analysing how different jurisdictions have balanced property and liability rules against FRAND commitments. Part VI highlights the advantages and disadvantages of the various approaches analysed, with the aim of identifying a new paradigm capable of striking a balance between property and liability rules, where negotiation in good faith and within a reasonable timeframe of licencing conditions is the best solution for all the parties. Finally, Part VI also formulates brief considerations on future perspective and on some possible interventions de jure condendo.
La negoziazione e la concessione di licenze relative a brevetti standard essential, anche oggetto di impegno FRAND, danno spesso luogo a tensioni tra gli implementatori e i titolari dei brevetti a causa delle condotte strategiche che le parti possono intrattenere. Da un lato, il patent hold up consente ai titolari di brevetti essenziali di imporre condizioni di licenza inique, sfruttando la minaccia di esercitare i diritti di esclusiva mentre gli implementatori si trovano in situazioni di lock-in dopo l’affermazione dello standard. Dall’altro lato, il patent hold out consente agli implementatori di attuare condotte dilatorie che obbligano i titolari a dispendiose campagne di enforcement, spesso inadeguate a risarcire i danni arrecati, permettendo così ai contraffattori di fare della violazione delle privative altrui una consapevole e profittevole scelta di business. Lo scopo del presente lavoro è analizzare il ruolo che i rimedi brevettuali possono giocare per arginare i fenomeni di hold up e hold out. In altri termini, ci si chiede se parte delle inefficienze del sistema risiedono nella possibilità per le parti di poter ragionevolmente sperare di ottenere maggior beneficio fuori dal contesto negoziale mediante condotte strategiche, mentre il sistema dei rimedi dovrebbe impedire, da un lato, forme di over-compensation per i titolari e, dall’altro, di contraffazione efficiente per gli implementatori. L’indagine si colloca nel dibattito tra property e liability rules, in quanto occorre chiedersi quale forma di tutela rimediale sia preferibile in relazione ai brevetti standard essential: quella esclusiva o quella risarcitoria-creditoria. Se un forte sistema di liability rules sembrerebbe la risposta migliore ai fenomeni di hold up, allo stesso tempo un forte sistema di property rules sembrerebbe la risposta migliore ai fenomeni di hold out. L’esito, dunque, non può che essere una soluzione bilanciata nella quale non paghino né condotte di hold up, né condotte di hold out, dove le parti siano consapevoli di non poter trarre vantaggio dai propri comportamenti strategici e dove la negoziazione in buona fede delle condizioni di licenza appare la soluzione preferibile per tutte le parti. In quest’ottica, la Parte I fornisce la cornice di riferimento relativa agli standard e ai brevetti standard essential, sottolineando la crescente importanza della standardizzazione nella società moderna e del futuro e l’evoluzione degli scenari geopolitici globali, impattanti anche sulla standardizzazione. La Parte II ricostruisce, in termini generali, gli argomenti favorevoli e contrati alle property e alle liability rules, il contenuto del diritto di brevetto, ed il complesso dei limiti posti ai diritti di esclusiva brevettuale. La Parte III analizza più nel dettaglio la rilevanza e il contenuto dell’impegno FRAND, dal punto di vista contrattuale e antitrust, cercando di definire cosa debba intendersi per royalty FRAND. Le Parti IV e V passano invece in rassegna la case law e le policy relative ai brevetti standard essential per delineare i diversi approcci affermatisi principalmente negli Stati Uniti e in Europa, sotto il profilo inibitorio e risarcitorio, analizzando come i diversi ordinamenti hanno bilanciato property e liability rules a fronte degli impegni FRAND. La Parte VI mette in luce i vantaggi e gli svantaggi dei diversi approcci analizzati, con l’obiettivo di individuare un nuovo paradigma in grado di tracciare un equilibrio tra property e liability rules, dove la negoziazione in buona fede e in tempi ragionevoli delle condizioni di licenza sia la migliore soluzione per tutte le parti. Infine, la Parte VI formula altresì brevi considerazioni sulle prospettive future ed in merito ad alcuni possibili interventi de jure condendo.
Brevetti Standard Essential e Impegno FRAND tra Property e Liability Rules
MANSTRETTA, FEDERICO
2024
Abstract
The negotiation and licensing of standard essential patents, possibly subject to FRAND commitments, often give rise to tensions between implementers and patent owners due to the strategic conducts the parties may engage in. On the one hand, patent hold-up would allow the owners of standard essential patents to impose unfair licensing terms, exploiting the threat of exercising exclusive rights while implementers find themselves locked-in in the standard, once established in the market. On the other hand, patent hold-out allows implementers to engage in dilatory conducts forcing owners into costly enforcement campaigns, often inadequate to compensate for the damages suffered, thus enabling implementers to make the infringement of others' patents a conscious and profitable business choice. The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the role that patent remedies can play in curbing hold-up and hold-out phenomena. In other words, the research question investigates whether part of the inefficiencies of the system lie in the possibility for the parties to reasonably hope to obtain more benefit out of the negotiation context through strategic conducts, whereas the remedies should prevent the holders’ overcompensation on the one hand and the implementers’ efficient infringement on the other. This investigation falls within the debate between property and liability rules, as one should consider which form of protection is preferable in relation to standard essential patents: the exclusive or the compensatory one. While a strong system made of liability rules would seem the better answer to hold-up, at the same time a strong system of property rules would seem the better answer to hold-out. The outcome, therefore, can only be a balanced solution in which neither hold-up nor hold-out conducts pay off, where the parties are aware that they cannot profit from their own strategic behaviour, and where negotiation in good faith of the licence conditions appears to be the preferable solution for all parties. Part I provides the framework for standards and standard essential patents, emphasising the growing importance of standardisation in modern and future society and the evolving global geopolitical scenarios, which also have an impact on standardisation. Part II reconstructs, in general terms, the arguments for and against property and liability rules, the content of the patent rights, and the possible limits placed on exclusive patent rights. Part III analyses the relevance and content of the FRAND commitment in more detail, from a contractual and antitrust perspective, and attempts to define what should be understood by a FRAND royalty. Parts IV and V review the case law and policy on standard essential patents to outline the different approaches established mainly in the US and Europe, from an injunctive and compensatory perspective, analysing how different jurisdictions have balanced property and liability rules against FRAND commitments. Part VI highlights the advantages and disadvantages of the various approaches analysed, with the aim of identifying a new paradigm capable of striking a balance between property and liability rules, where negotiation in good faith and within a reasonable timeframe of licencing conditions is the best solution for all the parties. Finally, Part VI also formulates brief considerations on future perspective and on some possible interventions de jure condendo.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/117923
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMORE-117923