Gli alloggi composti da pannelli prefabbricati nel periodo del socialismo albanese. Linee guida per il recupero energetico, funzionale e sociale

The main topic of the research is the residential building stock built in Albania during the socialist period (1945-1990), which presents significant problems, especially in relation to the wellness conditions of their inhabitants and energy performance foreseen in the strategic objectives of European Union. Considering the aspirations of Albania for the accession to the European Union, the agreements signed for this purpose and the Treaties of which is part, the reduction of energy consumption has now become one of the main objectives for the country. In fact, the basic principles of the research were to identify scenarios for the refurbishment of the Albanian existing residential stock built during the socialist period in the prospective of its functional, energetic and social retrofitting. In this framework, the research in order to understand the heritage in its complexity is focused on the cognitive investigation of the dwellings composed of precast concrete panels, given the particularity of the subject and being the type that reports more problems in relation to energy performance. The results obtained can be summarized as follows: • Definition of a logical and methodological guideline for the energy retrofitting of the residential building stock built during the second half of the twentieth century. This served to compare the specific objectives set by the EU in relation to the instruments operated by the Albanian Government; • Critical analysis of Albanian residential buildings built after the Second World War, of the different building types, identification of the basic typological spatial configuration, aggregation systems between building types, evaluation of functional flexibility, evaluation of the distinctive elements of the types, analysis of the materials in relation to technological evolution etc. This research was conducted with the collection and analysis of archival data, bibliography, photographic surveys and identification of significant examples and case studies; • Critical analysis of the current condition of the built stock in order to identify the main critical aspects (technical, economic and social). The research has studied also the awareness of the inhabitants towards the retrofitting, in the prospective of adapting the project to the existing situation, from a technical point of view but also from a socio-economic one. For this reason, a questionnaire was formulated regarding various aspects (characteristics of the apartments, of the facilities and services, maintenance, energy consumption, awareness of the inhabitants regarding the energy retrofitting) which took place - between 10.10.2017 and 25.05.2018 - to 108 residents in 5 cities; • Elaborations of three different design scenarios for the selected case study - residential block located in neighborhood n. 9 in the city of Tirana - with multidisciplinary approach that integrates different design, social and economic aspects: - The first scenario proposes a series of interventions to reduce the energy consumption and improve the living conditions of the inhabitants; - The second scenario extends to the functional reorganization of the interior spaces (partial removal of the non-portable interior panels). This scenario proposes also the extension of the building as an alternative to cover part or complete refurbishment interventions costs; - The third scenario integrates the retrofitting and reuse of the bunkers situated in the neighborhood to create new complementary public spaces for the use of the community. • Simulation and analyses of different interventions (different insulation and conditioning systems). The same building was analyzed in three different climatic zones.