In the last decades, constructs such as cognitive reserve (CR) and divergent thinking (DT) have received increasing attention in the study of healthy and pathological aging thanks to their potentiality in terms both of target for cognitive stimulation programs and/or for early diagnosis. However, studies’ results on divergent thinking abilities in the older population have been often inconsistent. Our systematic review has evidenced how this inconsistency might be due to some theoretical and methodological issues which have made these results poorly comparable with each other. Nonetheless, we have highlighted how the most recent studies have proved that elderly subjects seem to have the capacity to think as divergently as younger subjects if specific intervening variables such as the speed of elaboration and working memory abilities are taken into account. Furthermore, according to our data, another explanation of the inconsistency of the results in this field of study can be attributed to the impact of psychological symptoms such as apathy and depression (very frequent in the elderly population) on DT performances and to the possible moderating effects of CR. Finally, it has been evidenced how verbal DT seems to be spared even in prodromal phases of neurodegenerative pathologies (i.e. patients affected by Mild Cognitive Impairment, MCI). On the contrary, figural divergent thinking is already impaired in these patients and it might be considered by future studies as an early marker of disease. Even if these preliminary results need to be confirmed by further studies, some implications can be drawn. It can be stated that especially verbal divergent thinking abilities, with their proven link to the construct of cognitive reserve, might be considered as a useful target for cognitive enhancement for healthy older adults and early cognitive stimulation interventions for patients affected by different types of MCI. In addition, special attention should also be paid to the detection and possible treatment of psychological diseases such as apathy and depression in these specific populations.
Negli ultimi decenni, costrutti come quello di riserva cognitiva (CR) e di pensiero divergente (DT) hanno ricevuto una crescente attenzione nello studio dell'invecchiamento sano e patologico grazie alle loro potenzialità sia come target per i programmi di stimolazione cognitiva che per la diagnosi precoce. Tuttavia, le evidenze degli studi che hanno indagato le capacità di pensiero divergente nella popolazione anziana sono risultate spesso incoerenti. La nostra revisione sistematica ha evidenziato come questa incoerenza possa essere dovuta a diversi problemi di natura sia teorica che metodologica, i quali hanno reso i risultati degli studi poco comparabili tra loro. Tuttavia, abbiamo evidenziato anche come gli studi più recenti abbiano dimostrato che i soggetti anziani sembrano avere la capacità di pensare in modo divergente, al pari di soggetti giovani, se si tiene conto di specifiche variabili intervenienti come la velocità di elaborazione e la capacità di memoria di lavoro. Inoltre, secondo i nostri dati, un'altra spiegazione dell'incoerenza dei risultati in questo campo di studio può essere attribuita al possibile impatto di sintomi psicologici come l'apatia e la depressione (molto frequenti nella popolazione anziana) sulle prestazioni ai compiti di pensiero divergente e ai possibili effetti di moderazione della CR. Infine, è stato evidenziato come il pensiero divergente verbale sembri essere risparmiato anche nelle fasi prodromiche di patologie neurodegenerative (i.e. pazienti affetti da Mild Cognitive Impairment, MCI). Al contrario, le abilità di pensiero divergente di tipo figurativo sembrano essere già compromesse in questi pazienti e potrebbero essere considerate da studi futuri come un marker precoce di malattia. Anche se questi risultati preliminari devono essere confermati da ulteriori studi, si possono trarre alcune implicazioni teorico/pratiche. Si può affermare che, soprattutto le capacità di pensiero divergente verbale, con il loro comprovato legame con il costrutto di riserva cognitiva, potrebbero essere considerate come un possibile target per i programmi di potenziamento cognitivo di soggetti anziani sani e per gli interventi di stimolazione cognitiva precoce per pazienti affetti da MCI. Infine, particolare attenzione dovrebbe essere dedicata anche all'individuazione e al possibile trattamento di disturbi psicologici come l'apatia e la depressione in queste popolazioni.
Il pensiero divergente nell'invecchiamento sano e patologico
FUSI, Giulia
2021
Abstract
In the last decades, constructs such as cognitive reserve (CR) and divergent thinking (DT) have received increasing attention in the study of healthy and pathological aging thanks to their potentiality in terms both of target for cognitive stimulation programs and/or for early diagnosis. However, studies’ results on divergent thinking abilities in the older population have been often inconsistent. Our systematic review has evidenced how this inconsistency might be due to some theoretical and methodological issues which have made these results poorly comparable with each other. Nonetheless, we have highlighted how the most recent studies have proved that elderly subjects seem to have the capacity to think as divergently as younger subjects if specific intervening variables such as the speed of elaboration and working memory abilities are taken into account. Furthermore, according to our data, another explanation of the inconsistency of the results in this field of study can be attributed to the impact of psychological symptoms such as apathy and depression (very frequent in the elderly population) on DT performances and to the possible moderating effects of CR. Finally, it has been evidenced how verbal DT seems to be spared even in prodromal phases of neurodegenerative pathologies (i.e. patients affected by Mild Cognitive Impairment, MCI). On the contrary, figural divergent thinking is already impaired in these patients and it might be considered by future studies as an early marker of disease. Even if these preliminary results need to be confirmed by further studies, some implications can be drawn. It can be stated that especially verbal divergent thinking abilities, with their proven link to the construct of cognitive reserve, might be considered as a useful target for cognitive enhancement for healthy older adults and early cognitive stimulation interventions for patients affected by different types of MCI. In addition, special attention should also be paid to the detection and possible treatment of psychological diseases such as apathy and depression in these specific populations.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/124813
URN:NBN:IT:UNIBG-124813