Male infertility is one of the most relevant scientific topics in reproduction, the male factor being responsible of 50% of causes of couple infertility. However, male infertility is rarely treated since assisted reproduction is successful in many cases. This industrial PhD had the objective to build a business case on male infertility treatment thanks to the collaboration between Merck KGaA and Modena & Reggio Emilia University on three main projects: i) to understand thoroughly gonadotropin mechanism of action on target cells/organs using in-vitro models, aimed at identifying the most efficient treatment of the male-factor; ii) to identify objective, assessable, clinical endpoints; iii) to evaluate the clinical efficacy of LH and HCG in patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH). Finally, iv) Merck built a business case aimed at evaluating the profitability of entering this therapeutic area, beyond the case of HH, by developing appropriate therapies based on the market potential and unmet medical needs. In-vitro exploration of the human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) induction of steroid secretion in the mouse cell line mLTC1 by LC-MS/MS (Fanelli F et al 2022) demonstrated that hCG is able to massively stimulate steroid production via both the canonical and backdoor pathway of DHT synthesis. Additional analysis aimed at assessing difference of LH and hCG action on Leydig cells were performed in mLTC1 cells, showing that LH and hCG differently impact the expression of steroidogenic genes, reflecting hormone-specificity. In particular, digital droplet PCR analysis revealed that hCG upregulates the Hsd13b3 gene, while Hsd3b6 and 2, as well as Srd5a2, are upregulated by LH. Both gonadotropins increased the expression of Srd5a1, while only treatment with LH resulted in Akr1c13, 14 and 20 upregulation (Kruskal Wallis test, p<0.05, n=4) (manuscript in preparation). Retrospective post hoc analysis of published data provided evidence that FSH improves sperm DNA fragmentation (sDF) in idiopathic male patients. Moreover, testosterone l(T) evels after treatment are negatively correlated with sDF decrease, suggesting a potential synergic action between the interstitial and tubular testicular compartments (Lispi et al 2022) and electing T as potential biomarker of FSH action. The ongoing clinical study “Pharmacodynamics and safety of human recombinant LH in HH men” aims at assessing whether LH supplementation could be more efficient than hCG to stimulate steroidogenesis in those cases where LH activity is required (EudraCT 2019-004677-12). The statistical hypothesis is non-inferiority of the highest LH dose employed compared to hCG. Primary endpoint is serum T levels evaluated by LC-MS/MS. Increasing dosages of hCG and LH are administered at two-week intervals to obtain dose-response curves of stimulated serum T levels. Preliminary data demonstrated that LH alone is not able to sufficiently increase T. Finally, I was able to finalize the “Male Infertility Business Case” for Company discussion and decision. The data generated in this PhD project showed high potential for gonadotropin use to treat HH and idiopathic male infertility. FSH and hCG are target molecules on which the Company could invest to expand indications. Meanwhile, the potential clinical benefit of LH should be further explored. The basic research work done here is providing novel evidence on the mode of action of gonadotropins on target cells. This will expand the knowledge on spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis regulation, providing new treatment approaches of male infertility.
L'infertilità maschile è responsabile del 50% delle cause di infertilità di coppia. Tuttavia, viene trattata raramente con terapie mirate, poiché la riproduzione assistita può offrire una possibile soluzione. Questo PhD-industriale ha avuto l'obiettivo di sviluppare un business-case sul trattamento dell'infertilità maschile grazie alla collaborazione tra Merck KGaA e l'Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia. Il progetto si è basato su più line di ricerca: i) studiare il meccanismo di azione delle gonadotropine su cellule/organi target utilizzando modelli in-vitro per identificare il trattamento più efficace; ii) identificare endpoint clinici oggettivi e misurabili; iii) valutare l'efficacia clinica di LH e HCG in pazienti affetti da ipogonadismo ipogonadotropo (Ipo-Ipo); Lo studio in-vitro dell'induzione di steroidi con gonadotropina corionica umana (hCG) nella linea mLTC1 mediante LC-MS/MS (Fanelli F et al 2022) ha dimostrato che l'hCG è in grado di stimolare la sintesi di DHT attraverso entrambi i pathway cellulari noti, canonico e backdoor. Ulteriori analisi volte a valutare la differenza dell'azione di LH e hCG sulle cellule di Leydig sono state eseguite nella linea cellulare mLTC1, dimostrando che LH e hCG attivano diversamente l'espressione dei geni steroidogenici, riflettendo una steroidogenesi ormone-mediata. In particolare l'hCG sovraregola l’espressione del gene Hsd13b3, mentre Hsd3b6 e 2, così come Srd5a2, sono sovraregolati dall'LH. Entrambe le gonadotropine sovraregolano l'espressione di Srd5a1, mentre solo la stimolazione delle cellulare con LH ha generato una sovraregolazione di Akr1c13, 14 e 20 (Kruskal Wallis, p <0,05, n = 4; Hprt1 usato come controllo). Questi ultimi dati non sono stati ancora pubblicati. L’analisi retrospettiva di dati clinici pubblicati ha mostrato che il trattamento con FSH migliora la frammentazione del DNA spermatico (sDF) nei pazienti con infertilità idiopatica. Inoltre, i livelli di testosterone (T) dopo il trattamento hanno mostrato una correlazione negativa con la riduzione del sDFI, suggerendo una potenziale azione sinergica tra i compartimenti interstiziali e tubulari testicolari (Lispi et al 2022) e candidando il T come un potenziale biomarker dell’efficacia del trattamento con FSH. Lo studio “Farmacodinamica e sicurezza dell’ormone luteinizzante umano ricombinante in pazienti maschi con ipogonadismo ipogonadotropo” (EudraCT 2019-004677-12 ), attualmente in corso, ha lo scopo di valutare se la somministrazione di LH potrebbe essere più efficace dell’hCG nella stimolazione della steroidogenesis in casi di deficienza di attività dell’LH. L'ipotesi statistica è la non inferiorità della dose più alta di LH usata rispetto all'hCG. Endpoint primario: livelli sierici di testosterone valutati mediante LC-MS/MS. Dosi crescenti di hCG e LH vengono somministrati ogni due settimane per ottenere una curva dose-risposta dei livelli di T. Dati preliminari hanno dimostrato che LH non è in grado di aumentare sufficientemente il T. In ultimo, sono stata in grado di finalizzare il "Business case sull'infertilità maschile". I dati forniti da questo PhD hanno mostrato un alto potenziale dell’uso delle gonadotropine per il trattamento di pazienti con ipogonadismo ipogonadotropo e con infertilità maschile idiopatica. FSH e hCG mostrano un potenziale di investimento per l’azienda che potrebbe così ampliare il portfolio prodotti. I dati generati hanno anche mostrato un potenziale beneficio clinico dell’LH che dovrebbe essere ulteriormente esplorato. Il lavoro di ricerca di base ha generato nuove evidenze sul modo d’azione delle gonadotropine, ampliando le conoscenze sulla spermatogenesi e sulla steroidogenesi nell’uomo e fornendo nuove opportunità terapeutiche per il trattamento dell’infertilità maschile.
Azione delle Gonadotropine sulle cellule target e relativa azione farmacologica nell'infertilità maschile: è tempo per l'azienda farmaceutica di cogliere la sfida?
LISPI, MONICA
2024
Abstract
Male infertility is one of the most relevant scientific topics in reproduction, the male factor being responsible of 50% of causes of couple infertility. However, male infertility is rarely treated since assisted reproduction is successful in many cases. This industrial PhD had the objective to build a business case on male infertility treatment thanks to the collaboration between Merck KGaA and Modena & Reggio Emilia University on three main projects: i) to understand thoroughly gonadotropin mechanism of action on target cells/organs using in-vitro models, aimed at identifying the most efficient treatment of the male-factor; ii) to identify objective, assessable, clinical endpoints; iii) to evaluate the clinical efficacy of LH and HCG in patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH). Finally, iv) Merck built a business case aimed at evaluating the profitability of entering this therapeutic area, beyond the case of HH, by developing appropriate therapies based on the market potential and unmet medical needs. In-vitro exploration of the human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) induction of steroid secretion in the mouse cell line mLTC1 by LC-MS/MS (Fanelli F et al 2022) demonstrated that hCG is able to massively stimulate steroid production via both the canonical and backdoor pathway of DHT synthesis. Additional analysis aimed at assessing difference of LH and hCG action on Leydig cells were performed in mLTC1 cells, showing that LH and hCG differently impact the expression of steroidogenic genes, reflecting hormone-specificity. In particular, digital droplet PCR analysis revealed that hCG upregulates the Hsd13b3 gene, while Hsd3b6 and 2, as well as Srd5a2, are upregulated by LH. Both gonadotropins increased the expression of Srd5a1, while only treatment with LH resulted in Akr1c13, 14 and 20 upregulation (Kruskal Wallis test, p<0.05, n=4) (manuscript in preparation). Retrospective post hoc analysis of published data provided evidence that FSH improves sperm DNA fragmentation (sDF) in idiopathic male patients. Moreover, testosterone l(T) evels after treatment are negatively correlated with sDF decrease, suggesting a potential synergic action between the interstitial and tubular testicular compartments (Lispi et al 2022) and electing T as potential biomarker of FSH action. The ongoing clinical study “Pharmacodynamics and safety of human recombinant LH in HH men” aims at assessing whether LH supplementation could be more efficient than hCG to stimulate steroidogenesis in those cases where LH activity is required (EudraCT 2019-004677-12). The statistical hypothesis is non-inferiority of the highest LH dose employed compared to hCG. Primary endpoint is serum T levels evaluated by LC-MS/MS. Increasing dosages of hCG and LH are administered at two-week intervals to obtain dose-response curves of stimulated serum T levels. Preliminary data demonstrated that LH alone is not able to sufficiently increase T. Finally, I was able to finalize the “Male Infertility Business Case” for Company discussion and decision. The data generated in this PhD project showed high potential for gonadotropin use to treat HH and idiopathic male infertility. FSH and hCG are target molecules on which the Company could invest to expand indications. Meanwhile, the potential clinical benefit of LH should be further explored. The basic research work done here is providing novel evidence on the mode of action of gonadotropins on target cells. This will expand the knowledge on spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis regulation, providing new treatment approaches of male infertility.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/157050
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMORE-157050