Denudation processes on Earth are intricate and natural modeling phenomena of its surface under the action of a set of agents, among which water runoff surface plays a central role in humid climatic areas. Each modeling process is marked by erosion s.s., transport, and deposit stages, which in the case of runoff water-related phenomena, have to be analyzed in a very complex system. In fact, running water flows with different modes from hillslopes (overland flow) to streams (drainage network) to rivers (channel). At the same time, the lithosphere is exposed to the mechanic work of running water with very different types of geo-materials, ranging from very (too) resistant cemented rocks to very weak soils and debris. In the case of rocks s.s., differences in terms of erodibility are linked to the lithogenetic processes (composition, texture, structure) and to subsequent weathering phenomena, which can modify the original status in the outcropping horizon volumes. A large part of the Earth is actually “covered” by the products of weathering processes or the deposits of the modeling processes (debris s.s., in geomorphology). The moderately stable weathered layer is the base horizon where vegetation grows and fixes the eluvium (soil s.s., in geomorphology). Debris deposits are the result of the erosive action of the modeling agent and can have very different characteristics according to the specific genetic process.According to the general elements above, approaching the study of erosion poses the scientist in front of a very intricate challenge. However, a simplified approach can furnish tools for understanding and modeling the processes to an extent suitable enough to face the current requirements. In fact, if the natural rationale of erosion processes is out of doubt, the effects of mixing these processes and human activity are of interest as some risk aspects are related. Soil loss is obviously a direct source of damage for agriculture and farming. Deteriorating soil and debris can result in destructive phenomena such as debris floods and debris flow, reducing the available channel section at bridges, or filling artificial reservoirs, reducing their storage capacity.This thesis tries to investigate water erosion issues in Sicily, with a specific focus on three main adopted approaches.The first approach is based on the analysis of the erosion processes from an experimental perspective, searching relations between the measured flow of water and sediment through a stream or fluvial section and the subtending hydro-morphodynamic, which merge in two time changing measured parameters all the effects of the interplay between rainfall/temperature forcing and slope, stream, and channel response.In particular, the available historical data of the hydrometric gauge stations' regional network are analyzed by modeling Sediment Rating Curves (SRCs), which predict the Suspended Soil Concentration (SSC) from the water discharge (Q) and analyzing the mean hysteresis annual loops. A different approach was adopted in the second experimental case, where SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool), a physically-based continuous model for catchment scale simulations developed by the USDA-ARS, was applied to the San Leonardo River basin. SWAT's objective is to determine how land use and management can affect water, sediment, and agricultural chemical yields in ungauged watersheds. In SWAT, erosion and sediment yield are estimated from the Modified Universal Soil Equation (MUSLE). While the USLE uses rainfall as an indicator of erosive energy, MUSLE uses the amount of runoff, which should improve the sediment yield prediction because runoff is a function of antecedent moisture conditions as well as rainfall energy. Therefore, differently from USLE, delivery ratios are not needed with MUSLE because the runoff factor represents energy in detaching and transporting sediment.In a third application, water erosion assessment is carried out in the framework of a coastal erosion study to estimate the contribution of soil delivery at the coastal physiographic units in the advancement/retreatment stages. In particular, the spatially distributed model WaTEM/SEDEM is used to evaluate the sediment load carried to the coastal areas. The WaTEM/SEDEM model consists of three main components: soil erosion assessment, sediment transport capacity calculation, and sediment routing. Soil erosion is predicted with a modified version of RUSLE for 2-dimensional landscapes. Once the mean annual erosion rate is known at each grid cell, a routing algorithm is used to transfer the displaced soil amount (gross erosion) from the source to the river network according to the transport capacity (TC in Mg yr-1).
I processi di denudazione sulla Terra sono fenomeni naturali di modellazione della sua superficie sotto l'azione di una serie di agenti, tra i quali il deflusso delle acque superficiali svolge un ruolo centrale soprattutto nelle zone climatiche umide. Ogni processo di modellazione è caratterizzato da tre fasi: erosione, trasporto e deposito. Nel caso di fenomeni legati al deflusso dell'acqua, devono essere analizzati in un sistema molto complesso, l’acqua infatti scorre con modalità diverse dai versanti (overland flow) ai ruscelli (rete di drenaggio) ai fiumi (canali). Allo stesso tempo, la litosfera espone al lavoro meccanico dell'acqua diversi tipi di geo-materiali, che vanno da rocce cementate molto resistenti a terreni e detriti molto deboli. Nel caso delle rocce s.s. le differenze in termini di erodibilità sono legate ai processi litogenetici (composizione, tessitura, struttura) e ai successivi fenomeni atmosferici che ne possono modificare lo stato originale. Gran parte della Terra è in realtà "coperta" dai prodotti degli agenti atmosferici o dai depositi dei processi di modellazione (detriti s.s., in geomorfologia). Lo strato mediamente stabile è l'orizzonte di base dove la vegetazione cresce e fissa l'eluvium (suolo s.s., in geomorfologia). I depositi detritici sono il risultato dell'azione erosiva dell'agente modellante e possono avere caratteristiche molto diverse a seconda del processo genetico specifico.Secondo gli elementi molto generali menzionati sopra, l'approccio allo studio dell'erosione mette lo scienziato di fronte a una sfida molto complessa. Tuttavia, un approccio semplificato può fornire strumenti per comprendere e modellare i processi in misura sufficiente per affrontare le esigenze attuali. Infatti, se la logica naturale dei processi di erosione è indiscutibile, gli effetti legati all'incrocio di questi processi e l'attività umana sono di interesse in quanto sono correlati ad alcuni aspetti di rischio. La perdita del suolo è ovviamente una fonte diretta di danni per l'agricoltura e le coltivazioni. Il deterioramento del suolo e dei detriti può provocare fenomeni distruttivi come debris floods e debris flow o ridurre la sezione del canale disponibile sui ponti e riempire i serbatoi artificiali riducendone la loro capacità di stoccaggio.Questa tesi cerca di indagare le problematiche dell'erosione del suolo in Sicilia, focalizzandosi su tre principali approcci.Il primo approccio si basa sull'analisi dei processi di erosione da una prospettiva sperimentale, cercando le relazioni tra la portata liquida e la portata solida, misurati in sezioni fluviali, e le caratteristiche idro-morfodinamiche dei bacini idrologici. In particolare, i dati storici della rete regionale delle stazioni di misura idrometriche sono stati analizzati costruendo le Sediment Rating Curves (SRC), che predicono la concentrazione del sedimento in sospensione (Suspended Sediment Concentration) dalla portata liquida (Q), e analizzando i cicli annuali di isteresi media. Un approccio diverso è stato adottato nel secondo caso sperimentale, in cui SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool), un modello continuo fisicamente basato a scala di bacino e sviluppato dall'USDA-ARS, è stato applicato al bacino del fiume San Leonardo. L'obiettivo di SWAT è determinare in che modo l'uso e la gestione del territorio possano influire sulle portate liquide e sulle portate solide nei bacini idrici. In SWAT, l'erosione e la resa dei sedimenti sono stimati dalla Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE). Mentre la più conosciuta ed applicata USLE (Universal Soil Loss Equation) utilizza la pioggia come indicatore dell'energia erosiva, la MUSLE utilizza la quantità di deflusso funzione delle condizioni di umidità antecedenti e dell'energia delle precipitazioni. Nella terza ed ultima applicazione, la valutazione dell'erosione idrica è stata effettuata nell'ambito di uno studio di vulnerabilità all’erosione costiera per stimare il contributo dell’apporto di sedimento nelle unità fisiografiche costiere siciliane. In particolare, il modello spazialmente distribuito WaTEM/SEDEM è stato utilizzato per valutare il carico sedimentario trasportato nelle zone costiere. Il modello WaTEM/SEDEM è costituito da tre componenti principali: valutazione dell'erosione del suolo, calcolo della capacità di trasporto dei sedimenti e applicazione in un algoritmo di trasporto dei sedimenti. In WaTEM/SEDEM l'erosione del suolo è calcolata con una versione modificata della RUSLE. Una volta che il tasso medio annuale di erosione è noto, l’algoritmo viene utilizzato per trasferire la quantità di suolo prodotta (erosione lorda) dalla sorgente alla rete fluviale in base alla equazione della capacità di trasporto (TC in Mg yr-1).
Soil erosion in Sicily: testing hydro-morphological approaches
AZZARA, Grazia
2024
Abstract
Denudation processes on Earth are intricate and natural modeling phenomena of its surface under the action of a set of agents, among which water runoff surface plays a central role in humid climatic areas. Each modeling process is marked by erosion s.s., transport, and deposit stages, which in the case of runoff water-related phenomena, have to be analyzed in a very complex system. In fact, running water flows with different modes from hillslopes (overland flow) to streams (drainage network) to rivers (channel). At the same time, the lithosphere is exposed to the mechanic work of running water with very different types of geo-materials, ranging from very (too) resistant cemented rocks to very weak soils and debris. In the case of rocks s.s., differences in terms of erodibility are linked to the lithogenetic processes (composition, texture, structure) and to subsequent weathering phenomena, which can modify the original status in the outcropping horizon volumes. A large part of the Earth is actually “covered” by the products of weathering processes or the deposits of the modeling processes (debris s.s., in geomorphology). The moderately stable weathered layer is the base horizon where vegetation grows and fixes the eluvium (soil s.s., in geomorphology). Debris deposits are the result of the erosive action of the modeling agent and can have very different characteristics according to the specific genetic process.According to the general elements above, approaching the study of erosion poses the scientist in front of a very intricate challenge. However, a simplified approach can furnish tools for understanding and modeling the processes to an extent suitable enough to face the current requirements. In fact, if the natural rationale of erosion processes is out of doubt, the effects of mixing these processes and human activity are of interest as some risk aspects are related. Soil loss is obviously a direct source of damage for agriculture and farming. Deteriorating soil and debris can result in destructive phenomena such as debris floods and debris flow, reducing the available channel section at bridges, or filling artificial reservoirs, reducing their storage capacity.This thesis tries to investigate water erosion issues in Sicily, with a specific focus on three main adopted approaches.The first approach is based on the analysis of the erosion processes from an experimental perspective, searching relations between the measured flow of water and sediment through a stream or fluvial section and the subtending hydro-morphodynamic, which merge in two time changing measured parameters all the effects of the interplay between rainfall/temperature forcing and slope, stream, and channel response.In particular, the available historical data of the hydrometric gauge stations' regional network are analyzed by modeling Sediment Rating Curves (SRCs), which predict the Suspended Soil Concentration (SSC) from the water discharge (Q) and analyzing the mean hysteresis annual loops. A different approach was adopted in the second experimental case, where SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool), a physically-based continuous model for catchment scale simulations developed by the USDA-ARS, was applied to the San Leonardo River basin. SWAT's objective is to determine how land use and management can affect water, sediment, and agricultural chemical yields in ungauged watersheds. In SWAT, erosion and sediment yield are estimated from the Modified Universal Soil Equation (MUSLE). While the USLE uses rainfall as an indicator of erosive energy, MUSLE uses the amount of runoff, which should improve the sediment yield prediction because runoff is a function of antecedent moisture conditions as well as rainfall energy. Therefore, differently from USLE, delivery ratios are not needed with MUSLE because the runoff factor represents energy in detaching and transporting sediment.In a third application, water erosion assessment is carried out in the framework of a coastal erosion study to estimate the contribution of soil delivery at the coastal physiographic units in the advancement/retreatment stages. In particular, the spatially distributed model WaTEM/SEDEM is used to evaluate the sediment load carried to the coastal areas. The WaTEM/SEDEM model consists of three main components: soil erosion assessment, sediment transport capacity calculation, and sediment routing. Soil erosion is predicted with a modified version of RUSLE for 2-dimensional landscapes. Once the mean annual erosion rate is known at each grid cell, a routing algorithm is used to transfer the displaced soil amount (gross erosion) from the source to the river network according to the transport capacity (TC in Mg yr-1).File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/157236
URN:NBN:IT:UNIPA-157236