This doctoral thesis aims to first contextualize the votive deposit of Casale Pescarolo in Casalvieri (FR) within the broader framework of the Italic population in Southern Lazio during the Archaic and Late Archaic periods (late 7th to 5th century BC). This area spans across Lazio, Campania, and the Apennines, sawing the development of the "culture of the Liri valley," the intrusion of the Volscians, and the development e of the ethnos of Ausones-Aurunci and Sidicini. Many of the mentioned themes are currently subjects of debate in the studies on ancient Italic populations before Romanization. To achieve this objective, an updated study of the relevant territorial was conducted. The research began from recent revisions of literary sources on Italic peoples, followed by the analysis of archaeological evidence from the middle and lower Liri River valley and the Comino valley, with a particular focus on places of worship. Therefore, for reasons of territorial and cultural continuity, the investigation was extended to northern Campania and the Volturno and the Sangro rivers valleys. Once the socioeconomic framework and material culture were outlined, the context of the votive deposit at Casale Pescarolo was examined. The place of worship was investigated from an environmental perspective, considering pre-Roman roads and within the ritual phenomenology related to waters, recognized along the Sacco-Liri-Garigliano axis. These open-air worship areas were located near ponds or springs, along the routes connecting Lazio to Samnium and Campania, not far from larger settlements in a scattered settlement system. This would make it plausible to recognize underlying the genesis of these places of worship the involvement in economic practices related to transhumance. During the archaic period, these contexts exhibited similar patterns of votive offerings, characterized by miniature objects, both in clay and bronze, deposited in a humid environment. The revision of contextual data led to the analysis of votive dedications between the late 7th and 5th centuries BCE. The classification of anthropomorphic bronze sheet figurines of the Umbro-Lazial tradition and miniature weapons, representing the most significant and well-attested dedications in the votive deposit, were carried out. The quantities involved were considerable, constituting a rather rare case. The practice of miniaturization is well known in both Lazio vetus and adiectum and has recently undergone significant revisions. The distribution of anthropomorphic lamellae finds parallels in a similar area, but those from Casale Pescarolo exhibit distinctive features. The work of reconstructing comparisons, the studying of decoration and the discovery of some important specimens of anthropomorphic figurines holding a shield have allowed the recognition them as depictions of armed men. The presence of weapons, albeit miniature, points to a well-established practice in the central-southern Apennine sanctuaries of the Osco-Samnite culture. The iconography of armed men, with similar clothing and gestures, has also been recognized in votive terracotta statuettes dedicated in the nearby sanctuaries of Teanum. This directed the interpretation of the Casale Pescarolo context towards areas encompassing the Campanian plain and the middle valley of the Volturno, which also exhibit similar elements in the material culture of the necropolises. These findings seem attributable to an Oscan culture, perhaps that of the Sidicini, which, according to some hints, could have extended into the middle Liri valley as early as the 6th century BC.
Scopo di questa tesi è tentare la ricostruzione delle fasi di vita arcaica e tardo-arcaica del santuario di Casale Pescarolo a Casalvieri (FR). Il sito è stato analizzato entro la ricostruzione del quadro del popolamento italico della Valle di Comino e della media valle del Liri, tra VII e V sec. a.C. Questo areale vide: lo sviluppo della cd. “Cultura della valle del Liri” a partire dal VII sec. a.C.; l’inserimento dei Volsci; l’espansione sannita e le guerre con Roma nel corso del IV-III sec. a.C. Questi temi si inseriscono entro problematiche dibattute negli studi sull’Italia preromana. Pertanto, la ricerca è stata svolta mantenendo separate le fonti documentarie: la prima parte è dedicata all’analisi delle fonti letterarie ed epigrafiche, la seconda all’analisi delle testimonianze archeologiche e di cultura materiale note per le valli del Liri e di Comino, con particolare attenzione ai luoghi di culto. Per ragioni di continuità territoriale e culturale, l’indagine è stata estesa alla Campania settentrionale, con rimandi alle valli del Volturno e del Sangro. Delineato il quadro generale, il santuario di Casale Pescarolo è stato analizzato a partire dai dati di contesto, per proporne una lettura che tenesse conto del suo ruolo entro il sistema di popolamento sparso ricostruito per la Valle di Comino, ma anche quale snodo lungo le direttrici preromane che collegavano Lazio, Sannio e Campania. Particolare attenzione è stata rivolta al contesto ambientale: la scelta del luogo di culto, all’aperto e privo di strutture in questa fase, sembra riconducibile ad un fenomeno di sacralizzazione del paesaggio palustre riconosciuto lungo l’asse del Liri. I luoghi di culto analizzati presentano una selezione delle offerte votive marcata dal fenomeno della miniaturizzazione. L’analisi del deposito di Casale Pescarolo, uno scarico attuato al termine della vita del santuario (I sec. a.C.), ha permesso di distinguere le diverse classi di votivi e avanzare ipotesi sulle fasi di frequentazione. Sono state, quindi, selezionate le dediche metalliche indicative della frequentazione italica, precedente l’espansione sannita. Ci si è concentrati sulle figurine antropomorfe in lamina di bronzo di tradizione umbro-laziale e sulle armi miniaturistiche, datate su base stilistica tra VI e V sec. a.C. La quantità delle dediche rinvenute appare rilevante, avvicinandosi ai depositi maggiori noti per questa classe. L’analisi della distribuzione ha mostrato paralleli con quella dei vasi miniaturistici, mentre lo studio autoptico ha evidenziato peculiarità utili ad avanzare ipotesi di carattere rituale e culturale. È stata riconosciuta una rielaborazione iconografica delle laminette che le pone in relazione diretta con le armi miniaturistiche, interpretandole come raffigurazioni di armati. Una scelta iconografica simile è riconoscibile nella piccola plastica dei santuari di Teano, Presenzano e Marica alla foce del Garigliano, inducendo a considerare il contesto di Casale Pescarolo come parte di un sentire religioso diffuso, tra fine VI e V sec. a.C., dalla piana campana e dalla media valle del Volturno, fino al Melfa e al Liri. Il quadro ricostruito per la Valle di Comino sembra restituire lo sviluppo di una fascia territoriale intermedia tra la costa e l’Appennino, abitata da popolazioni di matrice osca emerse dalla precedente “Cultura delle valle del Liri” a seguito della pressione dei Volsci. L’interruzione dei collegamenti col Lazio vincolò questi territori ad una maggiore apertura alle influenze appenniniche, avviando nel corso del V sec. a.C. fenomeni di etnogenesi in senso osco-sannita, riconosciuti consimili a quelli noti per il popolo dei Sidicini. Livio colloca quest’ultimi a Teano nel IV sec. a.C., ma ora, grazie a recenti letture delle fonti e ai nuovi elementi emersi da questo studio, sembra sempre più plausibile estenderne i domini fino alla media valle del Liri.
Il santuario di Casale Pescarolo a Casalvieri (FR). Studio dei materiali del deposito votivo di età arcaica e tardo-arcaica. Contributo per la definizione delle fasi di vita e della prassi cultuale.
MARAZZI, ELENA
2024
Abstract
This doctoral thesis aims to first contextualize the votive deposit of Casale Pescarolo in Casalvieri (FR) within the broader framework of the Italic population in Southern Lazio during the Archaic and Late Archaic periods (late 7th to 5th century BC). This area spans across Lazio, Campania, and the Apennines, sawing the development of the "culture of the Liri valley," the intrusion of the Volscians, and the development e of the ethnos of Ausones-Aurunci and Sidicini. Many of the mentioned themes are currently subjects of debate in the studies on ancient Italic populations before Romanization. To achieve this objective, an updated study of the relevant territorial was conducted. The research began from recent revisions of literary sources on Italic peoples, followed by the analysis of archaeological evidence from the middle and lower Liri River valley and the Comino valley, with a particular focus on places of worship. Therefore, for reasons of territorial and cultural continuity, the investigation was extended to northern Campania and the Volturno and the Sangro rivers valleys. Once the socioeconomic framework and material culture were outlined, the context of the votive deposit at Casale Pescarolo was examined. The place of worship was investigated from an environmental perspective, considering pre-Roman roads and within the ritual phenomenology related to waters, recognized along the Sacco-Liri-Garigliano axis. These open-air worship areas were located near ponds or springs, along the routes connecting Lazio to Samnium and Campania, not far from larger settlements in a scattered settlement system. This would make it plausible to recognize underlying the genesis of these places of worship the involvement in economic practices related to transhumance. During the archaic period, these contexts exhibited similar patterns of votive offerings, characterized by miniature objects, both in clay and bronze, deposited in a humid environment. The revision of contextual data led to the analysis of votive dedications between the late 7th and 5th centuries BCE. The classification of anthropomorphic bronze sheet figurines of the Umbro-Lazial tradition and miniature weapons, representing the most significant and well-attested dedications in the votive deposit, were carried out. The quantities involved were considerable, constituting a rather rare case. The practice of miniaturization is well known in both Lazio vetus and adiectum and has recently undergone significant revisions. The distribution of anthropomorphic lamellae finds parallels in a similar area, but those from Casale Pescarolo exhibit distinctive features. The work of reconstructing comparisons, the studying of decoration and the discovery of some important specimens of anthropomorphic figurines holding a shield have allowed the recognition them as depictions of armed men. The presence of weapons, albeit miniature, points to a well-established practice in the central-southern Apennine sanctuaries of the Osco-Samnite culture. The iconography of armed men, with similar clothing and gestures, has also been recognized in votive terracotta statuettes dedicated in the nearby sanctuaries of Teanum. This directed the interpretation of the Casale Pescarolo context towards areas encompassing the Campanian plain and the middle valley of the Volturno, which also exhibit similar elements in the material culture of the necropolises. These findings seem attributable to an Oscan culture, perhaps that of the Sidicini, which, according to some hints, could have extended into the middle Liri valley as early as the 6th century BC.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/158387
URN:NBN:IT:UNIPV-158387