The objective of the present investigation is to explain that when the law enforcers defeat a norm they may be carrying out one of these two operations: i) they modify the internal applicability of a norm (either by restrictive corrective reinterpretation of a provision or by becoming aware of more specifications of the individual case under analysis); or ii) they deprive a norm of its external applicability. Along with this proposal, I will argue that between the two types of understanding of defeasibility there is to some extent a common language that allows to express the way of presenting and solving the problems about which they theorize: the language of preferences. This is due to the fact that it enables the clarification of preference relations between possible meanings within an interpretation process and preference relations between norms as a means of resolving normative inconsistencies. To achieve this goal, I will conduct a conceptual analysis of the main theories of defeasibility, which is divided into five chapters. In the first chapter, I will conduct an analysis of the different meta-theoretical possibilities available in the literature to consider the different ways of presenting the concept of defeasibility in legal theory. I will also propose a classification based on the different meanings of the term "applicability". If we consider the difference between internal and external applicability, we can distinguish between theories of modification of internal applicability and actions that cause the loss of external applicability. The theories that conceptualize defeasibility as a modifying internal applicability I have called "theories of internal defeasibility". I include here those approaches that use this notion to consider some kind of action (performed by an executor of the law) of variation in the deontic status of a particular action performed under certain circumstances. There are two types of legal acts: (i) as a restrictive corrective reinterpretation by which, in the course of an interpretative process, the person applying the law decides to attribute to a provision a meaning which, by comparison, is less extensive than the prima facie meaning (which I call "normative internal challengeability"); or ii) as a variation of the available information on the content of the individual case analyzed, so that we initiall assume that an individual case is an instantiation of a norm, but after modifying our beliefs about its composition, we recognize what is not subsumed in the rule in question (what I call "factual internal contestability"). The theories that conceptualize defeasibility as the loss of external applicability I have called "theories of external defeasibility". I include here those approaches that use this term to explain the actions (performed by an executor) to solve a normative conflict. Within the framework of these theories, the cases are clarified in which a legal practitioner decides to create a criterion of preference between two norms, so that one of the two norms is no longer externally applicable (losing the obligation to use it to justify its institutional decision), without this implying a modification of its internal applicability or a modification of the description of the individual case. In the second chapter I will analyze the theories of countervailability proposed by the interpretation theory. I will argue that from this approach, defeasibility has been understood as a way of explaining what an enforcer of the law does when he decides to change the normative qualification of a type of individual case. To this end, all these approaches from different types of legal interpretation present the process of identifying a meaning of a provision, a negative assessment of that meaning because it does not contain a distinction that it should have contained, and the choice of another meaning that contains the distinction under consideration should be included. In short, they all intend to present a restrictive corrective reinterpretation process. In the third chapter I will analyze the theories of contestability proposed by the theory of the structure of norms. I will argue that, from this approach, defeasibility has been understood in two ways: i) as a way of describing the history of norms, taking into account the effects of incorporating new information into a decision-making process; and ii) as a way of understanding a kind of conditional norm where the history is composed of contributing conditions for consequence. In the fourth chapter I will analyze the theories of defeasibility proposed from the theory of normative conflicts. I will argue that from this approach, defeasibility was understood in two ways (complementary to each other): i) as a way to explain the outcome of a normative conflict in which an implicit norm overcomes an explicit norm; and ii) as a way of explaining the creation and effects of a preference relationship between two legal norms. Finally, in the fifth chapter, I will make a synthesis and balance of the analyzed theories of defeasibility in order to highlight which are their common and which are their divergent theses. This will allow me to argue that in legal theory we can distinguish between two types of understanding of defeasibility: on the one hand, those who have conceptualized this concept in order to account for a norm that is no longer relevant to the solution of the normative problem; and on the other hand, those who have conceptualized this concept in order to justify the loss of the duty of the law enforcer to use a norm that solves the normative problem when justifying his institutional decision.
L'obiettivo della ricerca è di spiegare che gli applicatori del diritto, defettano una norma, possono effettuare una di queste due operazioni: i) modificano l’applicabilità interna di una norma (mediante reinterpretazione correttiva restrittiva di una disposizione o prendendo conoscenza di più specificazioni del singolo caso analizzato) o; ii) privano una norma di applicabilità esterna. Inoltre, sosterrò che tra i due modi di intendere la defettibilità c’è, in parte, un linguaggio comune che consente di esprimere il modo di presentare e risolvere i problemi su cui teorizzano: il linguaggio delle preferenze. Ciò è dovuto al fatto che il linguaggio delle preferenze chiarisce le relazioni di preferenze tra i possibili significati all’interno di un processo interpretativo e le relazioni di preferenze tra norme come modo di risolvere le incongruenze normative. Per raggiungere quest’obbiettivo, effettuerò un’analisi concettuale delle principali teorie sulla defettibilità. Tale analisi è organizzata in cinque capitoli. Nel primo capitolo, è stato condotto un’analisi delle diverse possibilità meta-teoriche a cui fa riferimento la letteratura specializzata per spiegare i vari modi di presentare la nozione di defettibilità nella teoria del diritto. Inoltre, proporrò una classificazione sulla base dei diversi significati del termine “applicabilità”. La differenza tra applicabilità interna ed esterna consente di distinguere tra teorie sulla modifica dell’applicabilità interna e atti che producono la perdita di applicabilità esterna. Ho chiamato le teorie che concettualizzano la defettibilità come la modifica dell’applicabilità interna “teorie della defettibilità interna”. Sono incluse in queste teorie, gli approcci che utilizzano questa nozione per spiegare un tipo di atti (condotti da chi applica il diritto) il cui status deontico varia in una data circostanza. Questi atti possono essere di due tipi: i) come una reinterpretazione correttiva restrittiva mediante la quale l’applicatore della legge, all’ interno di un processo interpretativo, decide di attribuire a una disposizione un significato tutto considerato che ha, in confronto, un ambito più ristretto di quello offerto dal significato prima facie (che chiamo «defettibilità interna normativa»); o ii) come una variazione dell’informazione disponibile sul contenuto del singolo caso analizzato. In modo che inizialmente, assumiamo che un singolo caso sia un’istanza di una norma, ma dopo aver modificato le nostre condizioni sulla sua composizione, ci rendiamo conto che non è sussunta in quella norma (che chiamo «defettibilità interna fattuale). Ho chiamato le teorie che concettualizzano la defettibilità come la modifica dell’applicabilità esterna «teorie della defettibilità esterna». Sono incluse in queste teorie gli approcci che utilizzano questa nozione per rendere conto degli atti (condotti da chi applica il diritto) che risolvono un conflitto normativo. In base a queste teorizzazioni, vengono chiariti i casi in cui un applicatore della legge decide di creare un criterio di preferenza tra due norme in modo che una di esse smetta di essere esternamente applicabile (perda il dovere di essere usata nella giustificazione della decisione istituzionale) senza che ciò comporti la modifica dell’applicabilità interna o la modifica della descrizione del singolo caso. Nel secondo capitolo analizzerò le teorie sulla defettibilità proposte dalla teoria dell’interpretazione. Sosterrò che la defettibilità, da questo approccio è stata intesa come un modo di spiegare cosa fa colui che applica la legge quando decide di cambiare la qualificazione normativa di un singolo caso. Questi approcci hanno modi diversi di intendere l’interpretazione giuridica. Inoltre, nel processo di identificazione del significato di una disposizione, attribuiscono una valutazione negativa a tale significato per non aver incluso una distinzione che dovrebbe essere inclusa e scelgono un altro significato che include la distinzione che credono debba essere inclusa. In poche parole: eseguono una reinterpretazione correttiva restrittiva. Nel terzo capitolo analizzerò le teorie sulla defettibilità proposte dalla teoria della struttura delle norme. Sosterrò che la defettibilità, da questo approccio è stata intesa in due modi: i) come un modo di descrivere gli antecedenti delle norme, tenendo conto degli effetti dell’incorporazione di nuove informazioni dentro del processo decisionale; ii) come un modo di intendere un tipo di norma condizionale, il cui antecedente è composto da condizioni contributive per il conseguente. Nel quarto capitolo analizzerò le teorie sulla defettibilità proposte dalla teoria dei conflitti normativi. Sosterrò che la defettibilità, da questo approccio, è stata intesa in due modi (complementari tra loro): i) come un modo di spiegare il risultato di un conflitto normativo in base al quale una norma implicita supera una norma esplicita e; ii) come un modo per spiegare la creazione e gli effetti di una relazione di preferenza tra due norme giuridiche. Infine, nel quinto capitolo effettuerò una sintesi e un bilancio tra le teorie della defettibilità analizzate per evidenziare quali sono le loro tesi comuni e quali sono quelle divergenti. Ciò mi consentirà di giustificare che possiamo distinguere tra due modi di intendere la defettibilità nella teoria del diritto: da un lato, coloro che hanno concettualizzato questa nozione per rendere conto di una norma che non è più rilevante per dare una risposta al problema normativo; e, d’altra parte, coloro che hanno concettualizzato questa nozione per spiegare la perdita del dovere del applicatore del diritto di utilizzare una norma nella giustificazione della sua decisione istituzionale che risolve il problema normativo.
Exceptuando.Teorías sobre la derrotabilidad en la teoría del derecho
GARCIA YZAGUIRRE, JOSE VICTOR DAVID
2021
Abstract
The objective of the present investigation is to explain that when the law enforcers defeat a norm they may be carrying out one of these two operations: i) they modify the internal applicability of a norm (either by restrictive corrective reinterpretation of a provision or by becoming aware of more specifications of the individual case under analysis); or ii) they deprive a norm of its external applicability. Along with this proposal, I will argue that between the two types of understanding of defeasibility there is to some extent a common language that allows to express the way of presenting and solving the problems about which they theorize: the language of preferences. This is due to the fact that it enables the clarification of preference relations between possible meanings within an interpretation process and preference relations between norms as a means of resolving normative inconsistencies. To achieve this goal, I will conduct a conceptual analysis of the main theories of defeasibility, which is divided into five chapters. In the first chapter, I will conduct an analysis of the different meta-theoretical possibilities available in the literature to consider the different ways of presenting the concept of defeasibility in legal theory. I will also propose a classification based on the different meanings of the term "applicability". If we consider the difference between internal and external applicability, we can distinguish between theories of modification of internal applicability and actions that cause the loss of external applicability. The theories that conceptualize defeasibility as a modifying internal applicability I have called "theories of internal defeasibility". I include here those approaches that use this notion to consider some kind of action (performed by an executor of the law) of variation in the deontic status of a particular action performed under certain circumstances. There are two types of legal acts: (i) as a restrictive corrective reinterpretation by which, in the course of an interpretative process, the person applying the law decides to attribute to a provision a meaning which, by comparison, is less extensive than the prima facie meaning (which I call "normative internal challengeability"); or ii) as a variation of the available information on the content of the individual case analyzed, so that we initiall assume that an individual case is an instantiation of a norm, but after modifying our beliefs about its composition, we recognize what is not subsumed in the rule in question (what I call "factual internal contestability"). The theories that conceptualize defeasibility as the loss of external applicability I have called "theories of external defeasibility". I include here those approaches that use this term to explain the actions (performed by an executor) to solve a normative conflict. Within the framework of these theories, the cases are clarified in which a legal practitioner decides to create a criterion of preference between two norms, so that one of the two norms is no longer externally applicable (losing the obligation to use it to justify its institutional decision), without this implying a modification of its internal applicability or a modification of the description of the individual case. In the second chapter I will analyze the theories of countervailability proposed by the interpretation theory. I will argue that from this approach, defeasibility has been understood as a way of explaining what an enforcer of the law does when he decides to change the normative qualification of a type of individual case. To this end, all these approaches from different types of legal interpretation present the process of identifying a meaning of a provision, a negative assessment of that meaning because it does not contain a distinction that it should have contained, and the choice of another meaning that contains the distinction under consideration should be included. In short, they all intend to present a restrictive corrective reinterpretation process. In the third chapter I will analyze the theories of contestability proposed by the theory of the structure of norms. I will argue that, from this approach, defeasibility has been understood in two ways: i) as a way of describing the history of norms, taking into account the effects of incorporating new information into a decision-making process; and ii) as a way of understanding a kind of conditional norm where the history is composed of contributing conditions for consequence. In the fourth chapter I will analyze the theories of defeasibility proposed from the theory of normative conflicts. I will argue that from this approach, defeasibility was understood in two ways (complementary to each other): i) as a way to explain the outcome of a normative conflict in which an implicit norm overcomes an explicit norm; and ii) as a way of explaining the creation and effects of a preference relationship between two legal norms. Finally, in the fifth chapter, I will make a synthesis and balance of the analyzed theories of defeasibility in order to highlight which are their common and which are their divergent theses. This will allow me to argue that in legal theory we can distinguish between two types of understanding of defeasibility: on the one hand, those who have conceptualized this concept in order to account for a norm that is no longer relevant to the solution of the normative problem; and on the other hand, those who have conceptualized this concept in order to justify the loss of the duty of the law enforcer to use a norm that solves the normative problem when justifying his institutional decision.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
phdunige_4006455.pdf
Open Access dal 05/03/2022
Dimensione
4.78 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
4.78 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in UNITESI sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/169710
URN:NBN:IT:UNIGE-169710