The purpose of this his doctoral thesis is the systematic investigation of a part of the archaeological deposit and of the individuals buried in the Crypt of the Beata Vergine Annunziata, at the ancient Ospedale Maggiore Ca 'Granda in Milan. The archeaological and anthropological methods made it possible to obtain useful results for addressing a multidisciplinary discourse to reconstruct the history of the recovered skeletons. The aforementioned research also laid the methodological foundations for future studies on the crypt and for comparisons with other populations, even from distant geographical areas. The investigated section of the crypt has shown, for the first time, a well-defined stratigraphic sequence, as well as individuals in anatomical connection and non-osseous finds of important archaeological value. The anthropological study was divided into two different campaigns: Campaign A analyzed the 1571 commingled bone remains from previous surveys, without a stratigraphic context, and Campaign B investigated the 1059 bones and 43 individuals recovered in the recent archaeological excavation. The results thus obtained were accompanied by those relating to other scientific disciplines, carried out on a sample of finds of a different nature such as, for example, soft tissues and botanical remains trapped in calcified calculus. In order to make a diachronic comparison to reconstruct the identity of the ancient inhabitants of Milan and include the population of Ca 'Granda in the wider MIAntropo project, an anthropological comparison was then carried out with three different population samples. The archaeological skeletons taken into consideration came from Roman, Medieval and Contemporary necropolises and cemeteries. A first and important result of the archaeological analysis was to identify the dynamics of the burial of the bodies, which was a primary long-term usage deposit. The presence of individuals in anatomical connection is the result of the deposition of numerous corpses shortly after death. The mixture of osteological findings, found in the various levels of the deposit, is mostly due to the action of natural taphonomic events, such as the fall and rolling of bones due to gravity and anthropogenic forces. Anthropological analyses made it possible to reconstruct a non-homogeneous population, constituted of individuals of both sexes and of various ages: from fetuses to elderly over 60 years of age. The data confirmed that mostly the poor population of Milan was treated in the hospital wards; the signs observed on the bones are mostly mainly chronic in nature. The symbolic disease of the Modern Age, syphilis, was well represented among them. A few traumatic injuries were found in the bone findings examined, most suffered before the death of the individual and in course of healing. A large percentage of these traumatic events can be attributed to accidental causes, probably during work activities, but some, even if only a minimal percentage may be ascribed to interpersonal violence. Finally, laboratory analyses made it possible to acquire further information on how medicine was practiced within the hospital and on the lifestyle of the ancient inhabitants, as well as on the Sepolcreto itself and on the dating of the burials. The topics covered made it possible to obtain, for the first time, a reconstructive framework composed of different, but coherent, historical and scientific data, hence proposing a solid methodology to solve the problems still unresolved and subject of future studies. The scientific criteria outlined here will be able to lay the foundations for a multidisciplinary scientific approach, suitable for tackling other study contexts from the archaeological and anthropological point of view.
Questa tesi di dottorato ha come scopo l’indagine sistematica di una parte del deposito archeologico e degli individui sepolti nella Cripta della Beata Vergine Annunziata, presso l’antico Ospedale Maggiore Ca’ Granda di Milano. L’utilizzo di metodi presi dall’archeologia e dall’antropologia ha permesso di ottenere risultati utili ad affrontare un discorso multidisciplinare per ricostruire la storia degli scheletri recuperati. La suddetta ricerca ha posto altresì le basi metodologiche per studi futuri sul Sepolcreto e per confronti con altre popolazioni, anche non riconducibili alla stessa area geografica. La porzione di deposito indagata ha restituito, per la prima volta, una sequenza stratigrafica ben definita, nonché individui in connessione anatomica e reperti non ossei dal particolare valore archeologico. Lo studio antropologico è stato suddiviso in due differenti campagne: la Campagna A che ha analizzato i 1571 resti ossei commisti provenienti da sondaggi precedenti, privi di contesto stratigrafico, e la Campagna B, la quale si è occupata di indagare le 1059 ossa e i 43 individui recuperati nel nuovo scavo archeologico. I risultati così ottenuti sono stati affiancati da quelli relativi alle altre discipline scientifiche, svolti su un campione di reperti di natura differente come, ad esempio, i tessuti molli e i resti botanici intrappolati nel tartaro calcificato. Al fine di effettuare un confronto diacronico per ricostruire l’identità degli antichi abitanti di Milano ed inserire la popolazione della Ca’ Granda nel più ampio progetto MIAntropo, è stato poi svolto un raffronto antropologico con tre diversi campioni di popolazione. Gli scheletri archeologici presi in considerazione provengono da necropoli e cimiteri di Età Romana, Medievale e Contemporanea. Un primo ed importante risultato dell’analisi archeologica è stato quello di individuare le dinamiche di inumazione dei corpi. Si tratta quindi di un deposito di tipo primario, utilizzato per un lungo periodo di tempo (primary long term usage). La presenza degli individui in connessione anatomica è il risultato della deposizione, avvenuta poco dopo la morte, di numerosi cadaveri. La commistione dei reperti osteologici, riscontrata nei vari livelli del deposito, è dovuta perlopiù all’azione di eventi tafonomici naturali, come la caduta e il rotolamento di ossa a causa della forza di gravità, ed antropici. Le analisi antropologiche hanno permesso di ricostruire una popolazione non omogenea, composta da soggetti di entrambi i sessi e di varie età: dai feti a soggetti anziani, di età superiore ai 60 anni. I dati hanno confermato che nelle corsie ospedaliere veniva curata perlopiù la popolazione povera di Milano; i segni osservati sulle ossa sono di natura perlopiù cronica. Tra di essi è ben rappresentata la malattia simbolo dell’Età Moderna, ovvero la sifilide. Nei reperti ossei esaminati sono state riscontrate poche lesioni traumatiche, la maggior parte subita prima della morte dell’individuo e in corso di guarigione. In particolare, una grande percentuale di questi eventi è dovuta a cause accidentali, probabilmente accadute in ambito lavorativo, ma non mancano episodi, anche se minimi, di segni riconducibili a violenza interpersonale. Le analisi specialistiche hanno permesso di acquisire ulteriori informazioni sulla medicina praticata all’interno del nosocomio e sullo stile di vita degli antichi abitanti, nonché sul Sepolcreto stesso e sulla datazione delle sepolture. I temi trattati hanno permesso di ottenere, per la prima volta, un quadro ricostruttivo composto da dati storici e scientifici differenti, ma coerenti tra loro, il quale ha consentito di proporre una solida metodologia per risolvere le problematiche rimaste ancora irrisolte e che saranno oggetto degli studi futuri. I criteri scientifici qui delineati potranno porre le basi per un approccio scientifico multidisciplinare, adatto ad affrontare altri contesti di studio dal punto di vista archeologico ed antropologico.
QUATTROCENTO ANNI DI STORIA DI MILANO LETTI SUI RESTI DEI SUOI ABITANTI. RECUPERO E STUDIO DEL PATRIMONIO ARCHEOLOGICO E UMANO DEL SEPOLCRETO DELLA CA¿ GRANDA
MATTIA, MIRKO
2022
Abstract
The purpose of this his doctoral thesis is the systematic investigation of a part of the archaeological deposit and of the individuals buried in the Crypt of the Beata Vergine Annunziata, at the ancient Ospedale Maggiore Ca 'Granda in Milan. The archeaological and anthropological methods made it possible to obtain useful results for addressing a multidisciplinary discourse to reconstruct the history of the recovered skeletons. The aforementioned research also laid the methodological foundations for future studies on the crypt and for comparisons with other populations, even from distant geographical areas. The investigated section of the crypt has shown, for the first time, a well-defined stratigraphic sequence, as well as individuals in anatomical connection and non-osseous finds of important archaeological value. The anthropological study was divided into two different campaigns: Campaign A analyzed the 1571 commingled bone remains from previous surveys, without a stratigraphic context, and Campaign B investigated the 1059 bones and 43 individuals recovered in the recent archaeological excavation. The results thus obtained were accompanied by those relating to other scientific disciplines, carried out on a sample of finds of a different nature such as, for example, soft tissues and botanical remains trapped in calcified calculus. In order to make a diachronic comparison to reconstruct the identity of the ancient inhabitants of Milan and include the population of Ca 'Granda in the wider MIAntropo project, an anthropological comparison was then carried out with three different population samples. The archaeological skeletons taken into consideration came from Roman, Medieval and Contemporary necropolises and cemeteries. A first and important result of the archaeological analysis was to identify the dynamics of the burial of the bodies, which was a primary long-term usage deposit. The presence of individuals in anatomical connection is the result of the deposition of numerous corpses shortly after death. The mixture of osteological findings, found in the various levels of the deposit, is mostly due to the action of natural taphonomic events, such as the fall and rolling of bones due to gravity and anthropogenic forces. Anthropological analyses made it possible to reconstruct a non-homogeneous population, constituted of individuals of both sexes and of various ages: from fetuses to elderly over 60 years of age. The data confirmed that mostly the poor population of Milan was treated in the hospital wards; the signs observed on the bones are mostly mainly chronic in nature. The symbolic disease of the Modern Age, syphilis, was well represented among them. A few traumatic injuries were found in the bone findings examined, most suffered before the death of the individual and in course of healing. A large percentage of these traumatic events can be attributed to accidental causes, probably during work activities, but some, even if only a minimal percentage may be ascribed to interpersonal violence. Finally, laboratory analyses made it possible to acquire further information on how medicine was practiced within the hospital and on the lifestyle of the ancient inhabitants, as well as on the Sepolcreto itself and on the dating of the burials. The topics covered made it possible to obtain, for the first time, a reconstructive framework composed of different, but coherent, historical and scientific data, hence proposing a solid methodology to solve the problems still unresolved and subject of future studies. The scientific criteria outlined here will be able to lay the foundations for a multidisciplinary scientific approach, suitable for tackling other study contexts from the archaeological and anthropological point of view.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/170797
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMI-170797