Introduction and Objectives In the context of accelerating technical and organizational changes at work and increasing life expectancy, the delayed retirement paradigm makes it important for people to remain healthy and professionally active longer than before. The interaction between age and working conditions (working hours, workload, stress, etc.) can have a significant effect on important outcomes such as work ability (performance efficiency, errors, accidents) and health (e.g., sleep, psychosomatic symptoms, chronic diseases). Aging can lead to reduced tolerance to shift and night work through a mechanism of weakening the circadian system, resulting from molecular, epigenetic, and functional changes in the biological clock. As a result, health deterioration with advancing age may be more pronounced in shift workers than in day workers. The main objective of the study is to evaluate the impact of working time organization (night shift work or day work) on some biological functions and health conditions of aging workers, after adjusting for relevant contextual factors. Specifically, age-related changes were assessed in relation to exposure to night shift work with regard to interference with perceived health and well-being, hormonal patterning, and biological age. Materials and Methods Twenty-seven hundred and seventy-four shift and daily healthcare workers of both sexes and aged 24-66 years (divided into three age groups 24-35; 36-50; 51-66) were recruited from different departments of the Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano. The study sample includes all healthcare personnel (nurses, medical assistants, auxiliary staff, laboratory and radiology technicians) with a work history of at least one year; physicians were excluded from the recruitment. Data collected for each study subject through self-administered questionnaires included: demographic data, medical history, job task and seniority, socioeconomic/work conditions, shift work, work ability (Work Ability Index - WAI), stress (Effort/Reward Imbalance Index - ERI-I), physical and mental well-being. In addition, a number of biomolecular markers were assessed through blood samples to evaluate two factors: 1) levels of steroid hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (stress hormones) and sex hormones; and 2) relative telomere length as an epigenetic and biological age expression marker. Blood samples were collected in the morning (between 7 a.m. and 9 a.m.) after a normal night's sleep from a rest day or previous day shift. Subjects were assigned to nine different departments: High Intensity Care Internal Medicine (MIAIC), Emergency Surgery (CDU), Analytical Laboratories (virology, biochemistry, microbiology, genetics, cytogenetics, pathological anatomy), Radiology, Neuroradiology, Occupational Medicine, Adult Intensive Care Unit (VECLA) and Pediatric, and Puerperium. Results Seventy-two percent of participants were female and 28% male, with an average age of 42 years. The most frequent job title is nurse (57%), followed by laboratory/radiology technician (24%) and OSS/ASA (19%). Fifty-nine percent of the participants work one or two day shifts (morning and afternoon), while 41% work three shifts including night shift. Eighty percent of subjects reported a good balance (ERI-I ≤1) between workload and rewards, while 84% of participants reported a high WAI score (>36), reflecting “good” or “excellent” work ability. Multivariate analyses did not show an effect of night shift on stress and performance indicators, although a negative influence of work stress on work ability emerged. Regarding hormones, the comparison of male and female hormone levels reflects the physiological difference in the general population, as well as the tendency for blood concentrations to decrease with increasing age. Mean levels of cortisol, cortisone, and corticosterone were found to be higher in female workers and particularly in night shift workers. Estradiol was found to be higher in female shift workers than in female day shift workers, especially in young shift workers, with a downward trend as age increased. Multivariate analyses, however, did not show an effect of night shift on hormones. Regarding the possible influence of perceived work-related stress (ERI-I) on stress hormones (cortisol axis), a slightly positive, although not statistically significant, trend was observed between increased ERI-I scores and cortisol blood levels. Analysis of mean telomere length values showed female workers to be longer than their male counterparts. Stratifying by shift type, in the lower age groups telomere length was greater among daytime workers, while in the higher age group telomere length was always greater among night shift workers. Multivariate analyses showed no significant effects of shift type, indicators of well-being/work ability (ERI-I/WAI) and hormonal blood values on telomere length. Discussion and Conclusion The study sample was representative of the hospital’s working population. Regarding indicators of well-being and work performance, most employees reported favorable scores for all scales, reflecting satisfactory working conditions. A negative association was observed between WAI and ERI-I scores: a decrease in work capacity corresponds to an increase in ERI-I scores, reflecting a negative influence of work stress on work capacity, although not statistically significant. The comparison of male and female hormone levels reflects the physiological difference in the general population as well as the tendency to decrease with aging, for almost all hormones. Interestingly, night-shift workers showed higher serum levels of all hormones analyzed than daily workers. In particular, cortisol was higher in female night-shift workers. However, no association was observed between hormone levels and stress conditions (ERI-I). Higher levels of estradiol were also found in night-shift women, and since some experimental studies have identified estrogen as one of the risk factors for breast cancer, it would be important to ensure closer health surveillance for night-shift women workers, especially those with a family history of breast cancer. Regarding epigenetic markers, telomere length was not found to be affected by type of work shift, well-being/performance indicators or blood hormone levels. The higher values in night shift workers over 50 may be explained by the so-called Healthy Worker Effect. The pandemic that began in March 2020 unfortunately affected adversely the progress of the study, stopping it altogether due to the inability to interfere with hospital activity. One of the main objectives set in the project design was the analysis of the trend of biomolecular markers contextualized with the work characteristics of the study population. Since this type of marker is based on biological mechanisms that change and show their effect over time, a longitudinal development of the study could have emphasized more this effect of biomolecular markers in the specific context of shift work. The study, however, provides additional data on the field of biological markers in association with work ability and psychophysical health, including possible epigenetic changes (telomere length and biological age). The combined use of self-reported data together with biomolecular indicators and reports on work organization can provide better insight into the aging process of the workforce. These findings can sensitize the relevant and responsible authorities toward interventions aimed at maintaining the well-being and health of hospital staff, and useful in selecting appropriate prevention targets.
Introduzione e Obiettivi Nel contesto dell’accelerazione dei cambiamenti tecnici e organizzativi sul lavoro e dell’aumento dell'aspettativa di vita, il paradigma del pensionamento ritardato rende importante che le persone rimangano sane e professionalmente attive più a lungo di prima. L’interazione tra l’età e le condizioni di lavoro (orario di lavoro, carico di lavoro, stress, etc.) può avere un effetto significativo su outcome importanti come la capacità lavorativa (efficienza delle prestazioni, errori, incidenti) e la salute (ad esempio, sonno, sintomi psicosomatici, malattie croniche). L'invecchiamento può portare a una ridotta tolleranza al lavoro a turni e notturno, attraverso un meccanismo di indebolimento del sistema circadiano, derivante da cambiamenti molecolari, epigenetici e funzionali dell’orologio biologico. Di conseguenza, il deterioramento della salute con l’avanzare dell'età può essere più pronunciato nei lavoratori a turni rispetto ai lavoratori a giornata. L’obiettivo principale dello studio è valutare l'impatto dell’organizzazione dell’orario di lavoro (lavoro a turni notturno o lavoro diurno) su alcune funzioni biologiche e condizioni di salute dei lavoratori che invecchiano, dopo aver aggiustato per i fattori contestuali rilevanti. In particolare, i cambiamenti legati all’età sono stati valutati in relazione all'esposizione al lavoro a turni notturni per quanto riguarda l'interferenza sulla salute e il benessere percepiti, l’assetto ormonale e l’età biologica. Materiali e Metodi Sono stati reclutati 274 operatori sanitari turnisti e giornalieri di entrambi i sessi e di età compresa tra i 24 e i 66 anni (suddivisi in tre fasce di età 24-35; 36-50; 51-66) provenienti dai diversi reparti della Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda – Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano. Il campione di studio comprende tutto il personale sanitario (infermieri, assistenti sanitari, personale ausiliario, tecnici di laboratorio e di radiologia) con una storia lavorativa di almeno un anno; dal reclutamento sono stati esclusi i medici. I dati raccolti per ogni soggetto dello studio, attraverso questionari autosomministrati, comprendono: dati demografici, anamnesi, mansione e anzianità lavorativa, condizioni socio-economiche/lavorative, lavoro a turni, capacità lavorativa (Work Ability Index – WAI), stress (Effort/Reward Imbalance Index – ERI-I), benessere fisico e mentale. Inoltre, sono stati valutati alcuni marcatori biomolecolari attraverso campioni di sangue per valutare due fattori: 1) i livelli di ormoni steroidei dell'asse ipotalamo-ipofisi-surrene (ormoni dello stress) e gli ormoni sessuali; 2) la lunghezza relativa dei telomeri come marker epigenetico e di espressione dell’età biologica. I campioni di sangue sono stati raccolti al mattino (tra le ore 7.00 e le ore 9.00) dopo un normale sonno notturno di un giorno di riposo o di un precedente turno diurno. I soggetti sono stati assegnati a nove diversi reparti: Medicina Interna ad Alta Intensità di Cura (MIAIC), Chirurgia d’Urgenza (CDU), Laboratori d’analisi (virologia, biochimica, microbiologia, genetica, citogenetica, anatomia patologica), Radiologia, Neuroradiologia, Medicina del lavoro, Terapia Intensiva Adulti (VECLA) e Pediatrica, Puerperio. Risultati Il 72% dei partecipanti è rappresentato dal sesso femminile e il 28% dal sesso maschile, con un’età media di 42 anni. La mansione più frequente è quella di infermiere (57%), seguita da tecnico di laboratorio/radiologia (24%) e da OSS/ASA (19%). Il 59% dei partecipanti lavora su un turno giornaliero o su due turni diurni (mattina e pomeriggio), mentre il 41% lavora su tre turni compreso quello notturno. L’80% dei soggetti ha riferito un buon equilibrio (ERI-I ≤1) tra carico lavorativo e ricompense, mentre l’84% dei partecipanti ha riportato un punteggio di WAI elevato (>36), che riflette una capacità lavorativa “buona” o “eccellente”. Le analisi multivariate non hanno mostrato un effetto del turno notturno sugli indicatori di stress e performance, anche se è emersa un'influenza negativa dello stress lavorativo sulla capacità lavorativa. Per quanto riguarda gli ormoni, il confronto tra i livelli ormonali maschili e femminili riflette la differenza fisiologica tra la popolazione generale, nonché la tendenza alla diminuzione delle concentrazioni ematiche con l’aumentare dell’età. I livelli medi di cortisolo, cortisone e corticosterone sono risultati più elevati nelle lavoratrici di sesso femminile e in particolare nelle turniste con turno notturno. L’estradiolo è risultato più elevato nelle donne turniste rispetto alle lavoratrici giornaliere, soprattutto nelle turniste giovani, con un trend in discesa all’aumentare dell’età. Le analisi multivariate tuttavia non hanno mostrato un effetto del turno notturno sugli ormoni. Per quanto riguarda la possibile influenza dello stress lavoro-correlato percepito (ERI-I) sugli ormoni dello stress (asse del cortisolo), è stato osservato un trend leggermente positivo, anche se non statisticamente significativo tra l’aumento dei punteggi di ERI-I e i livelli ematici di cortisolo. L’analisi dei valori medi della lunghezza dei telomeri ha mostrato nelle lavoratrici donne una lunghezza maggiore rispetto alla controparte maschile. Stratificando per tipo di turno, nelle fasce di età inferiori la lunghezza dei telomeri è risultata maggiore tra i lavoratori diurni, mentre nella fascia di età più elevata la lunghezza dei telomeri è risultata sempre maggiore tra i turnisti notturni. Le analisi multivariate non hanno evidenziato effetti significativi della tipologia di turno, degli indicatori di benessere/capacità lavorativa (ERI-I/WAI) e dei valori ematici ormonali sulla lunghezza dei telomeri. Discussione e Conclusioni Il campione dello studio è risultato rappresentativo della popolazione lavorativa dell’ospedale. Per quanto riguarda gli indicatori di benessere e performance lavorativa, la maggior parte dei dipendenti ha riportato punteggi favorevoli per tutte le scale, riflettendo condizioni lavorative soddisfacenti. È stata osservata un’associazione negativa tra i punteggi WAI ed ERI-I: a una diminuzione della capacità lavorativa corrisponde un aumento dei punteggi ERI-I, che riflette un’influenza negativa dello stress lavorativo sulla capacità lavorativa, anche se non statisticamente significativa. Il confronto tra i livelli ormonali maschili e femminili riflette la differenza fisiologica tra la popolazione generale nonché la tendenza alla diminuzione con l'invecchiamento, per quasi tutti gli ormoni. È interessante notare che i lavoratori con turno notturno hanno mostrato livelli sierici più elevati di tutti gli ormoni analizzati rispetto ai lavoratori giornalieri. In particolare, il cortisolo è risultato più alto nelle lavoratrici con turno notturno. Tuttavia, non è stata osservata alcuna associazione tra i livelli ormonali e le condizioni di stress (ERI-I). Nelle donne turniste con notte sono stati inoltre riscontrati livelli più elevati di estradiolo, e dato che alcuni studi sperimentali hanno identificato negli estrogeni uno dei fattori di rischio per il cancro al seno, potrebbe essere importante garantire una più stretta sorveglianza sanitaria per le lavoratrici notturne, soprattutto per quelle con familiarità per tumore mammario. Per quanto riguarda i marker epigenetici, la lunghezza dei telomeri non è risultata influenzata dal tipo di turno lavorativo, dagli indicatori di benessere/performance né dai livelli di ormoni ematici. I valori più elevati nei turnisti notturni over 50 possono essere spiegati dal cosiddetto “Healthy Worker Effect” (o Effetto Lavoratore Sano). La pandemia iniziata a marzo 2020 ha purtroppo influito negativamente sull’andamento dello studio, bloccandolo del tutto per l’impossibilità di interferire con l’attività di reparto. Uno egli obiettivi principali prefissati nel disegno del progetto era l’analisi dell’andamento degli indicatori biomolecolari contestualizzata con le caratteristiche lavorative della popolazione oggetto di studio. Poiché questo tipo di marker è basato su meccanismi biologici che si modificano e mostrano il loro effetto nel corso del tempo, uno sviluppo longitudinale dello studio avrebbe potuto enfatizzare maggiormente tale effetto dei marker biomolecolari nel contesto specifico del lavoro a turni. Lo studio, tuttavia, fornisce ulteriori dati sul campo dei marcatori biologici in associazione con la capacità lavorativa e la salute psicofisica, compresi i possibili cambiamenti epigenetici (lunghezza dei telomeri ed età biologica). L’uso combinato di dati autodichiarati insieme a indicatori biomolecolari e report sull’organizzazione del lavoro può fornire una migliore visione del processo di invecchiamento della forza lavoro. Questi risultati possono sensibilizzare le autorità competenti e responsabili verso interventi mirati al mantenimento del benessere e della salute del personale ospedaliero, e utili nel selezionare obiettivi di prevenzione appropriati.
L'IMPATTO DELL¿INVECCHIAMENTO SULLA CAPACITÀ LAVORATIVA E SULLA SALUTE DEI LAVORATORI TURNISTI E NON TURNISTI NEL SETTORE SANITARIO
CANTARELLA, CARLO
2023
Abstract
Introduction and Objectives In the context of accelerating technical and organizational changes at work and increasing life expectancy, the delayed retirement paradigm makes it important for people to remain healthy and professionally active longer than before. The interaction between age and working conditions (working hours, workload, stress, etc.) can have a significant effect on important outcomes such as work ability (performance efficiency, errors, accidents) and health (e.g., sleep, psychosomatic symptoms, chronic diseases). Aging can lead to reduced tolerance to shift and night work through a mechanism of weakening the circadian system, resulting from molecular, epigenetic, and functional changes in the biological clock. As a result, health deterioration with advancing age may be more pronounced in shift workers than in day workers. The main objective of the study is to evaluate the impact of working time organization (night shift work or day work) on some biological functions and health conditions of aging workers, after adjusting for relevant contextual factors. Specifically, age-related changes were assessed in relation to exposure to night shift work with regard to interference with perceived health and well-being, hormonal patterning, and biological age. Materials and Methods Twenty-seven hundred and seventy-four shift and daily healthcare workers of both sexes and aged 24-66 years (divided into three age groups 24-35; 36-50; 51-66) were recruited from different departments of the Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano. The study sample includes all healthcare personnel (nurses, medical assistants, auxiliary staff, laboratory and radiology technicians) with a work history of at least one year; physicians were excluded from the recruitment. Data collected for each study subject through self-administered questionnaires included: demographic data, medical history, job task and seniority, socioeconomic/work conditions, shift work, work ability (Work Ability Index - WAI), stress (Effort/Reward Imbalance Index - ERI-I), physical and mental well-being. In addition, a number of biomolecular markers were assessed through blood samples to evaluate two factors: 1) levels of steroid hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (stress hormones) and sex hormones; and 2) relative telomere length as an epigenetic and biological age expression marker. Blood samples were collected in the morning (between 7 a.m. and 9 a.m.) after a normal night's sleep from a rest day or previous day shift. Subjects were assigned to nine different departments: High Intensity Care Internal Medicine (MIAIC), Emergency Surgery (CDU), Analytical Laboratories (virology, biochemistry, microbiology, genetics, cytogenetics, pathological anatomy), Radiology, Neuroradiology, Occupational Medicine, Adult Intensive Care Unit (VECLA) and Pediatric, and Puerperium. Results Seventy-two percent of participants were female and 28% male, with an average age of 42 years. The most frequent job title is nurse (57%), followed by laboratory/radiology technician (24%) and OSS/ASA (19%). Fifty-nine percent of the participants work one or two day shifts (morning and afternoon), while 41% work three shifts including night shift. Eighty percent of subjects reported a good balance (ERI-I ≤1) between workload and rewards, while 84% of participants reported a high WAI score (>36), reflecting “good” or “excellent” work ability. Multivariate analyses did not show an effect of night shift on stress and performance indicators, although a negative influence of work stress on work ability emerged. Regarding hormones, the comparison of male and female hormone levels reflects the physiological difference in the general population, as well as the tendency for blood concentrations to decrease with increasing age. Mean levels of cortisol, cortisone, and corticosterone were found to be higher in female workers and particularly in night shift workers. Estradiol was found to be higher in female shift workers than in female day shift workers, especially in young shift workers, with a downward trend as age increased. Multivariate analyses, however, did not show an effect of night shift on hormones. Regarding the possible influence of perceived work-related stress (ERI-I) on stress hormones (cortisol axis), a slightly positive, although not statistically significant, trend was observed between increased ERI-I scores and cortisol blood levels. Analysis of mean telomere length values showed female workers to be longer than their male counterparts. Stratifying by shift type, in the lower age groups telomere length was greater among daytime workers, while in the higher age group telomere length was always greater among night shift workers. Multivariate analyses showed no significant effects of shift type, indicators of well-being/work ability (ERI-I/WAI) and hormonal blood values on telomere length. Discussion and Conclusion The study sample was representative of the hospital’s working population. Regarding indicators of well-being and work performance, most employees reported favorable scores for all scales, reflecting satisfactory working conditions. A negative association was observed between WAI and ERI-I scores: a decrease in work capacity corresponds to an increase in ERI-I scores, reflecting a negative influence of work stress on work capacity, although not statistically significant. The comparison of male and female hormone levels reflects the physiological difference in the general population as well as the tendency to decrease with aging, for almost all hormones. Interestingly, night-shift workers showed higher serum levels of all hormones analyzed than daily workers. In particular, cortisol was higher in female night-shift workers. However, no association was observed between hormone levels and stress conditions (ERI-I). Higher levels of estradiol were also found in night-shift women, and since some experimental studies have identified estrogen as one of the risk factors for breast cancer, it would be important to ensure closer health surveillance for night-shift women workers, especially those with a family history of breast cancer. Regarding epigenetic markers, telomere length was not found to be affected by type of work shift, well-being/performance indicators or blood hormone levels. The higher values in night shift workers over 50 may be explained by the so-called Healthy Worker Effect. The pandemic that began in March 2020 unfortunately affected adversely the progress of the study, stopping it altogether due to the inability to interfere with hospital activity. One of the main objectives set in the project design was the analysis of the trend of biomolecular markers contextualized with the work characteristics of the study population. Since this type of marker is based on biological mechanisms that change and show their effect over time, a longitudinal development of the study could have emphasized more this effect of biomolecular markers in the specific context of shift work. The study, however, provides additional data on the field of biological markers in association with work ability and psychophysical health, including possible epigenetic changes (telomere length and biological age). The combined use of self-reported data together with biomolecular indicators and reports on work organization can provide better insight into the aging process of the workforce. These findings can sensitize the relevant and responsible authorities toward interventions aimed at maintaining the well-being and health of hospital staff, and useful in selecting appropriate prevention targets.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/171640
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMI-171640