SUPPLEMENTARY FLUIDS FOR PREVENTING HEADACHE AFTER LUMBAR PUNCTURE: A COHORT STUDY. Dissertation by: Elisabetta MARZO Coordinator: Chiar.mo Prof. Carlo LA VECCHIA Tutor: Chiar.mo Prof. Silvano MILANI Background and aim of the study Lumbar puncture is performed to sample cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the subarachnoid space in order to diagnose neurological disease through laboratory analysis. Post-dural puncture headache (PDPH) is one of the most common complications of diagnostic lumbar puncture. PDPH is defined as a postural headache, the pain is usually severe, and its quality may be throbbing and continuous. PDPH may develop from hours to one day following dural puncture, may last from three to seven days, and features associated with migraine, such as nausea, photophobia, and phonophobia may occur. According to literature, the incidence of PDPH is 36%, and female sex and previous history of headache are risk factors. PDPH forces patients to bedrest, causes problems in the execution of their activities of daily living, prolongs the time of admission and requires new admission to solve the problem. Administration of supplementary fluids is one of the most common interventions used to prevent PDHP, even if there is no evidence of its effectiveness. Administration of intravenous fluids increases the risk of infections, admission length and costs. The aim of this cohort study is to investigate the possible effects on the onset and the intensity of PDHP exerted by supplementary fluids administration and by risk factors suggested in literature. Participants and methods The target population consists of all adult patients admitted to the Neurology Unit of IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital in Milan and submitted to diagnostic lumbar puncture. Data were collected between 2013 and 2015, from March to October for organisational reasons. Planned sample size was at least of 100 patients. Exclusion criteria were the presence of alteration in the state of consciousness and cognitive impairment. Data were collected from the medical records and from a hydration diary filled in by patients for three days, starting from the day of lumbar puncture. The primary endpoint was the presence of PDPH on day 2. The association between this endpoint and hydration on day 0 (below or above the median of the distribution of total fluids intake) has been tested with the Fisher’s exact test. The role of sex, age, previous history of headache and oral hydration in the onset of PDPH has been tested with general linear models, assuming, in accordance with the endpoint, binomial or Gaussian distribution for the random term of the model. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the hospital and signed informed consent was obtained. Results and discussion 139 patients were enrolled: 76 women aged from 18 to 77 years, and 63 men aged from 18 to 73 years; 29 women and 15 men had previous history of headache. Data analysis was carried out on 132 patients, since 6 were discharged on day 1 and in one case data collection was incomplete. On day 0, patients had an average fluids intake of 2 liters, half orally and half intravenously. In the following days total hydration decreased linearly. During the three days nausea occurred together with PDPH in 6 patients out of 26, and the intensity of headache increased slightly from day 0 to day 2. Primary endpoint. On day 2, PDPH occurred in 25 out of the 62 patients with fluids intake on day 0 below the median (2 L), and in 19 out of the 70 patients with higher fluids intake (Fisher’s exact test: p=0.078). Absolute risk reduction of PDPH between more and less hydrated patients on day 0 was 13% (95%CL: -4%, 30%). In the protocol, the minimum clinical important difference (MCID) had been declared 24%. In terms of Odds Ratio, this reduction corresponds to 0.55 (95%CL: 0.26, 1.15). The adjustment for covariates such as oral fluids intake, sex, age and previous history of headache did not change the conclusions about the effect of total fluids intake, but brought out higher likelihood of occurrence of PDPH in women (OR 2.43; 95%CL: 1.05, 5.61) and in patients with previous history of headache (OR 2.48; 95%CL: 1.06, 5.78). Secondary endpoints. The analysis of secondary endpoints (effects exerted on PDPH onset on day 2 by fluids intake on days 1 and 2, on PDPH onset on day 1 by fluids intake on days 0 and 1, on PDPH onset on day 0 by fluids intake on day 0, and on PDPH intensity on day 2 by fluids intake on day 0) confirmed the conclusions based on the evaluation of the primary endpoint. To sum up, no association emerged between hydration and PDPH onset, patients with previous history of headache were from two to three times more likely to suffer from PDPH during the three days after lumbar puncture. Women showed a double risk to develop PDPH on day 2. PDPH intensity was not significantly different between more and less hydrated patients. Conclusions In agreement with literature, also this study did not prove any association between supplementary fluids intake and PDPH onset, but confirmed that women and patients with previous history of headache have a higher risk of PDPH. Actually, the effectiveness of supplementary hydration in prevention of PDPH has been questioned since the ‘80s, because of the lack of evidence of possible preventive effects of this intervention. In addition, there is no physiological basis suitable for supporting the protective role of hydration on PDPH. Nonetheless, supplementary fluids intake is still considered a method of prevention and treatment of PDPH. Should the preventing effect of hydration be proved, it could be sufficient to promote oral fluids intake, avoiding invasive and inappropriate medical interventions that expose patients to unnecessary risks, thereby reducing time of admission and related costs.
L’IDRATAZIONE NELLA PREVENZIONE DELLA CEFALEA POST RACHICENTESI: STUDIO DI COORTE. Tesi di: Elisabetta MARZO Coordinatore: Chiar.mo Prof. Carlo LA VECCHIA Tutor: Chiar.mo Prof. Silvano MILANI Background e scopo dello studio La rachicentesi eseguita a scopo diagnostico consiste nel prelievo del liquido cefalorachidiano dallo spazio subaracnoideo per accertare la presenza di patologie neurologiche. La complicanza maggiormente osservata in seguito alla procedura è la cefalea post rachicentesi (CPR), definita come una cefalea posturale caratterizzata da un dolore pulsante, continuo, d'intensità spesso severa, che può insorgere da poche ore a un giorno dopo la rachicentesi e durare da tre a sette giorni, ed è talvolta accompagnata da fotofobia, fonofobia e nausea. La letteratura riporta che l’incidenza di CPR è del 36% e ha come principali fattori predisponenti l'essere di sesso femminile e l’avere anamnesi positiva per cefalea. La CPR può costringere il paziente a letto, causare difficoltà nello svolgimento delle normali attività di vita quotidiana, aumentare la durata della degenza e le riammissioni ospedaliere. Tra gli interventi preventivi più diffusi vi è l’idratazione supplementare, sebbene non vi siano evidenze sufficienti a provarne l'efficacia. Si deve inoltre considerare che la terapia infusionale comporta per il paziente il rischio d'infezione, l'aumento della durata della degenza e il conseguente aumento dei costi legati al ricovero. Lo studio di coorte qui presentato ha come obiettivo verificare l’esistenza di una relazione tra insorgenza di CPR e idratazione supplementare, e indagare la relazione tra i fattori di rischio descritti dalla letteratura e insorgenza e intensità di CPR. Pazienti e metodi La popolazione obiettivo è costituita da tutti i pazienti adulti ricoverati nell’U.O. di Neurologia dell’Ospedale IRCCS San Raffaele di Milano, sottoposti a rachicentesi a scopo diagnostico. Il reclutamento è stato effettuato tra il 2013 e il 2015, limitatamente al periodo marzo-ottobre per motivi organizzativi, tempo necessario ad arruolare un numero di pazienti consecutivi pari a quello pianificato (almeno 100 pazienti). I criteri di esclusione sono stati la presenza di uno stato di coscienza alterato o di decadimento cognitivo. La raccolta dei dati è stata effettuata attraverso la cartella clinica e un diario d'idratazione, compilato dai pazienti, a partire dal giorno della rachicentesi, per i tre giorni di durata dello studio. L'endpoint principale prefissato era la presenza di CPR al giorno 2, l'associazione tra tale endpoint e il livello d'idratazione al giorno 0 (sopra o sotto la mediana della distribuzione del totale dei liquidi assunti) è stata saggiata con il test esatto di Fisher. Il ruolo di sesso, età, anamnesi positiva per cefalea e idratazione per via orale nell'insorgenza di CPR e sulla sua intensità è stato indagato per mezzo di modelli lineari generalizzati, assumendo che il termine casuale del modello avesse distribuzione binomiale o Gaussiana a seconda dell'endpoint. Lo studio è stato autorizzato dal Comitato Etico dell’Ospedale e tutti i pazienti inclusi hanno fornito consenso informato scritto. Risultati e discussione Sono stati reclutati 139 pazienti: 76 di sesso femminile di età compresa tra i 18 e i 77 anni e 63 di sesso maschile di età compresa tra i 18 e i 73 anni. 29 donne e 15 uomini riferivano anamnesi positiva per cefalea. L’analisi è stata effettuata su 132 pazienti, poiché 6 sono stati dimessi al giorno 1, e di un paziente vi erano dati incompleti. Al giorno 0, i pazienti hanno assunto in media circa 2 L di liquidi al giorno, metà dei quali per via orale e metà per via endovenosa. Nelle giornate seguenti l’idratazione totale decresceva linearmente. La nausea nelle tre giornate si è presentata, in associazione con CPR, in 6 pazienti su 26, e l’intensità di CPR è aumentata leggermente dal giorno 0 al giorno 2. Endpoint principale. Al giorno 2, la CPR si è manifestata in 26 pazienti sui 62 che al giorno 0 hanno assunto una quantità totale di liquidi inferiore alla mediana (2 L), e in 19 pazienti sui 70 più idratati (test esatto di Fisher: p=0.078). La riduzione assoluta del rischio di CPR (AAR) nei soggetti più idratati al giorno 0 rispetto ai soggetti meno idratati è risultata 13% (95%CL: -4%, 30%). Nel protocollo, la minima differenza clinicamente importate era stata fissata al 24%. Il corrispondente rapporto tra gli odds di CPR è risultato 0.55 (95%CL: 0.26, 1.15). L’aggiustamento per quantità di liquidi assunti per via orale, sesso, età, e anamnesi per cefalea non ha modificato le conclusioni circa l'effetto dell'idratazione totale, ma ha posto in luce una maggiore probabilità di soffrire di CPR nei pazienti di sesso femminile (OR 2.43; 95%CL: 1.05, 5.61) e nei pazienti con anamnesi positiva per cefalea (OR 2.48; 95%CL: 1.06, 5.78). Endpoint secondari. Le analisi degli endpoint secondari (insorgenza di CPR al giorno 2 in funzione dell’idratazione nei giorni 1 e 2, insorgenza di CPR al giorno 1 in funzione dell’idratazione nei giorni 0 e 1, insorgenza di CPR al giorno 0 in funzione dell’idratazione al giorno 0, e intensità di CPR al giorno 2 in funzione dell’idratazione al giorno 0) hanno confermato quanto osservato valutando l’endpoint principale. In sintesi, non si è rilevata l'esistenza di associazione tra idratazione e insorgenza di CPR, mentre si è osservato che pazienti con anamnesi positiva per cefalea hanno una probabilità dalle due alle tre volte maggiore di avere CPR nei tre giorni di osservazione, e che i pazienti di sesso femminile presentano un rischio doppio di sviluppare CPR in seconda giornata. L’intensità di CPR non è risultata significativamente diversa tra pazienti più e meno idratati. Conclusioni In accordo con la letteratura, lo studio non ha dimostrato l’associazione tra idratazione supplementare e insorgenza di CPR, ma ha confermato che pazienti di sesso femminile e con anamnesi positiva di cefalea sono maggiormente a rischio di manifestare CPR. L’efficacia dell’idratazione supplementare nella prevenzione della CPR è stata messa in discussione già negli anni ’80, poiché gli studi effettuati non hanno potuto dimostrarne l’effetto preventivo. Inoltre, non vi sono basi fisiologiche per sostenere che aumentare l’introito di liquidi protegga dall’insorgenza di CPR. Nonostante ciò, l’idratazione supplementare è ancora considerata un metodo di prevenzione e trattamento della CPR. Anche nel caso in cui si dimostrasse che l’idratazione diminuisce il rischio di CPR, sarebbe sufficiente far assumere al paziente la quantità di liquidi necessaria per via orale, evitando pratiche mediche invasive e non appropriate che comportano rischi per i pazienti, con conseguente riduzione della durata della degenza e dei costi a essa associati.
L'IDRATAZIONE NELLA PREVENZIONE DELLA CEFALEA POST RACHICENTESI: STUDIO DI COORTE
MARZO, ELISABETTA
2017
Abstract
SUPPLEMENTARY FLUIDS FOR PREVENTING HEADACHE AFTER LUMBAR PUNCTURE: A COHORT STUDY. Dissertation by: Elisabetta MARZO Coordinator: Chiar.mo Prof. Carlo LA VECCHIA Tutor: Chiar.mo Prof. Silvano MILANI Background and aim of the study Lumbar puncture is performed to sample cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the subarachnoid space in order to diagnose neurological disease through laboratory analysis. Post-dural puncture headache (PDPH) is one of the most common complications of diagnostic lumbar puncture. PDPH is defined as a postural headache, the pain is usually severe, and its quality may be throbbing and continuous. PDPH may develop from hours to one day following dural puncture, may last from three to seven days, and features associated with migraine, such as nausea, photophobia, and phonophobia may occur. According to literature, the incidence of PDPH is 36%, and female sex and previous history of headache are risk factors. PDPH forces patients to bedrest, causes problems in the execution of their activities of daily living, prolongs the time of admission and requires new admission to solve the problem. Administration of supplementary fluids is one of the most common interventions used to prevent PDHP, even if there is no evidence of its effectiveness. Administration of intravenous fluids increases the risk of infections, admission length and costs. The aim of this cohort study is to investigate the possible effects on the onset and the intensity of PDHP exerted by supplementary fluids administration and by risk factors suggested in literature. Participants and methods The target population consists of all adult patients admitted to the Neurology Unit of IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital in Milan and submitted to diagnostic lumbar puncture. Data were collected between 2013 and 2015, from March to October for organisational reasons. Planned sample size was at least of 100 patients. Exclusion criteria were the presence of alteration in the state of consciousness and cognitive impairment. Data were collected from the medical records and from a hydration diary filled in by patients for three days, starting from the day of lumbar puncture. The primary endpoint was the presence of PDPH on day 2. The association between this endpoint and hydration on day 0 (below or above the median of the distribution of total fluids intake) has been tested with the Fisher’s exact test. The role of sex, age, previous history of headache and oral hydration in the onset of PDPH has been tested with general linear models, assuming, in accordance with the endpoint, binomial or Gaussian distribution for the random term of the model. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the hospital and signed informed consent was obtained. Results and discussion 139 patients were enrolled: 76 women aged from 18 to 77 years, and 63 men aged from 18 to 73 years; 29 women and 15 men had previous history of headache. Data analysis was carried out on 132 patients, since 6 were discharged on day 1 and in one case data collection was incomplete. On day 0, patients had an average fluids intake of 2 liters, half orally and half intravenously. In the following days total hydration decreased linearly. During the three days nausea occurred together with PDPH in 6 patients out of 26, and the intensity of headache increased slightly from day 0 to day 2. Primary endpoint. On day 2, PDPH occurred in 25 out of the 62 patients with fluids intake on day 0 below the median (2 L), and in 19 out of the 70 patients with higher fluids intake (Fisher’s exact test: p=0.078). Absolute risk reduction of PDPH between more and less hydrated patients on day 0 was 13% (95%CL: -4%, 30%). In the protocol, the minimum clinical important difference (MCID) had been declared 24%. In terms of Odds Ratio, this reduction corresponds to 0.55 (95%CL: 0.26, 1.15). The adjustment for covariates such as oral fluids intake, sex, age and previous history of headache did not change the conclusions about the effect of total fluids intake, but brought out higher likelihood of occurrence of PDPH in women (OR 2.43; 95%CL: 1.05, 5.61) and in patients with previous history of headache (OR 2.48; 95%CL: 1.06, 5.78). Secondary endpoints. The analysis of secondary endpoints (effects exerted on PDPH onset on day 2 by fluids intake on days 1 and 2, on PDPH onset on day 1 by fluids intake on days 0 and 1, on PDPH onset on day 0 by fluids intake on day 0, and on PDPH intensity on day 2 by fluids intake on day 0) confirmed the conclusions based on the evaluation of the primary endpoint. To sum up, no association emerged between hydration and PDPH onset, patients with previous history of headache were from two to three times more likely to suffer from PDPH during the three days after lumbar puncture. Women showed a double risk to develop PDPH on day 2. PDPH intensity was not significantly different between more and less hydrated patients. Conclusions In agreement with literature, also this study did not prove any association between supplementary fluids intake and PDPH onset, but confirmed that women and patients with previous history of headache have a higher risk of PDPH. Actually, the effectiveness of supplementary hydration in prevention of PDPH has been questioned since the ‘80s, because of the lack of evidence of possible preventive effects of this intervention. In addition, there is no physiological basis suitable for supporting the protective role of hydration on PDPH. Nonetheless, supplementary fluids intake is still considered a method of prevention and treatment of PDPH. Should the preventing effect of hydration be proved, it could be sufficient to promote oral fluids intake, avoiding invasive and inappropriate medical interventions that expose patients to unnecessary risks, thereby reducing time of admission and related costs.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/171735
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMI-171735