1.1. ABSTRACT OBJECTIVES: The aim of this review was to explore the development of soft tissue expanders, their different types and their potential applications prior to bone augmentation and implant placement. MATERIALS & METHODS: A review of pertinent literature was performed using PubMed to comprehend the dynamics of soft tissue expanders and determine the current position of their pre- augmentation applications. RESULTS: There is promising, albeit preliminary information regarding the benefits of pre- augmentation soft tissue expansion (STE). Findings cannot be generalized due to relatively small sample size of the scarce clinical studies available in literature. CONCLUSIONS: Further clinical trials with larger sample sizes and long-term follow-up are needed before soft tissue expanders can be confidently applied in everyday clinical practice. 2.1. ABSTRACT OBJECTIVES: To investigate the clinical outcomes, complications and volume gain of pre-augmentation soft tissue expansion (STE). MATERIALS & METHODS: Tissue expanders were implanted in seven patients requiring vertical and/or horizontal bone augmentation. Guided bone regeneration (GBR) was carried out either after 20, 40 or 60 days of STE. Vertical and horizontal bone gains were analyzed with cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans. Optic scanning and superimposition of cast models fabricated from pre- and post- augmentation alginate impressions were used for volumetric analysis. RESULTS: Seven sites in seven patients were treated with STE. Perforation occurred in two sites; early failure due to the tightness of the prepared pouch, and late failure due to minor cracks of the silicon shell covering the expander as a result of handling of the expander body with a dental tweezer. Post-expansion, primary wound closure was easily achieved at augmentation without any subsequent graft expositions. Six months post-augmentation, CBCT analysis revealed high vertical bone gain (mean = 7.3 ± 1.2 mm). Mean of horizontal bone gain was 5.5 ± 2.9 mm. Volumetric analysis of three successful expansion cases revealed a mean volume increase of 483.8 ± 251.7 mm3. Soft tissue volume increase corresponded only to the 0.24 ml cylinder expander (volume increase = 259.4 mm3), while this increase was almost half of the final expander volume for the 0.7 and 1.3 ml cylinder expanders (436.1 mm3 & 755.9 mm3 respectively). Volumetric analysis of the late expansion failure reflected soft tissue shrinkage, which might suggest that STE affects tissues by tension and does not cause real volume gain. All dental implants were osseointegrated in the patients that underwent subsequent dental implant therapy. CONCLUSIONS: High vertical bone gain and minimal post-surgical complications were associated with bone augmentation procedures preceded by soft tissue expansion (STE). 3.1. ABSTRACT To ensure a successful dental implant therapy, presence of adequate vertical and horizontal alveolar bone is fundamental. However, an insufficient amount of alveolar ridge in both dimensions is often encountered in dental practice due to the consequences of oral diseases and tooth loss. Although post-extraction socket preservation has been adopted to lessen the need for such invasive approaches, it utilizes bone-grafting materials, which have limitations that could negatively affect the quality of bone formation. To overcome the drawbacks of routinely employed grafting materials, bone-graft substitutes such as 3D-scaffolds have been recently investigated in the dental field. In this review, we highlight different biomaterials suitable for 3D-scaffold fabrication, with a focus on “3D-printed” ones as bone graft substitutes that might be convenient for various applications related to implant therapy. We also briefly discuss their possible adoption for periodontal regeneration. 4.1. ABSTRACT OBJECTIVES: To analyze bone resorption patterns in the posterior mandibles and their corresponding digitally designed bone grafts to understand if they come in distinct clusters. MATERIALS & METHODS: In this retrospective analysis, 120 CBCT scans were analyzed to evaluate the frequency of Cawood & Howell classification, in right and left posterior mandibles. Results were compared between gender and age. The most frequent atrophic class that needs bone augmentation was virtually regenerated in the mandibular segments using specific software. Height, width and length of the obtained grafts were analyzed to conclude if these grafts come in distinct clusters. RESULTS: Class V was the most frequent atrophic class in comparison to class IV & VI in the left and right posterior mandibles (16%, 20.8% respectively). Severe atrophic stages were more frequent in females (p= 0.029 for the left side, p= 0.007 for the right side) and in older age groups (p= 0.008 for the right side) After virtual regeneration of class V defects, three clusters were evident, differing only in length, based on the number of missing teeth (p= 0.0001). Height and width of the virtual grafts were comparable for the three clusters (p > 0.05). Mean virtual graft volume was 2,184 mm3 (four missing teeth), 1,819 mm3 (three missing teeth) & 1,476 mm3 (two missing teeth). CONCLUSIONS: Stage V atrophy was the most frequent resorption pattern in comparison to classes IV & V, in posterior mandibles. Virtual regeneration procedure revealed three clusters of virtual grafts, differing only in the length based on the number of missing teeth. Future studies are recommended to determine the adaptation ratio between virtual and actual grafts to bone surface.
1.1. ASTRATTO OBIETTIVI: Lo scopo di questa revisione era di esplorare lo sviluppo degli espansori di tessuti molli, i loro diversi tipi e le loro potenziali applicazioni prima dell'innesto osseo e del posizionamento dell'impianto. MATERIALI E METODI: è stata eseguita una revisione della letteratura pertinente utilizzando PubMed per comprendere la dinamica degli espansori dei tessuti molli e determinare la posizione corrente delle loro applicazioni di pre-incremento. RISULTATI: Ci sono informazioni preliminari sui benefici dell'espansione dei tessuti molli pre-allargamento (STE). I risultati non possono essere generalizzati a causa delle dimensioni campionarie relativamente ridotte degli scarsi studi clinici disponibili in letteratura. CONCLUSIONI: Sono necessari ulteriori studi clinici con campioni di dimensioni maggiori e follow-up a lungo termine prima che gli espansori dei tessuti molli possano essere applicati con sicurezza nella pratica clinica quotidiana.2.1. ASTRATTO OBIETTIVI: Indagare sugli esiti clinici, le complicanze e l'aumento di volume dell'espansione dei tessuti molli pre-aumento (STE). MATERIALI E METODI: Espansori tissutali sono stati impiantati in sette pazienti che richiedono l'aumento osseo verticale e / o orizzontale. La rigenerazione ossea guidata (GBR) è stata effettuata dopo 20, 40 o 60 giorni di STE. I guadagni ossei verticali e orizzontali sono stati analizzati con la tomografia computerizzata a fascio conico (CBCT). Per l'analisi volumetrica sono state utilizzate la scansione ottica e la sovrapposizione di modelli di fusione fabbricati da impronte di alginato pre- e post-augmentazione. RISULTATI: sette siti su sette pazienti sono stati trattati con STE. La perforazione si è verificata in due siti; guasto precoce dovuto alla tenuta della sacca preparata, e ritardo in ritardo a causa di piccole fessure del guscio di silicio che coprono l'espansore a seguito della manipolazione del corpo dell'espansore con una pinzetta dentale. Dopo la dilatazione, la chiusura della ferita primaria è stata facilmente ottenuta con l'aumento senza successive esposizioni del trapianto. Sei mesi dopo l'aumento, l'analisi CBCT ha rivelato un guadagno osseo verticale elevato (media = 7,3 ± 1,2 mm). La media del guadagno osseo orizzontale era di 5,5 ± 2,9 mm. L'analisi volumetrica di tre casi di espansione ha rivelato un aumento medio del volume di 483,8 ± 251,7 mm3. L'aumento del volume dei tessuti molli corrispondeva solo all'espansore del cilindro da 0,24 ml (aumento del volume = 259,4 mm3), mentre questo aumento era quasi la metà del volume dell'espansore finale per gli espansori del cilindro da 0,7 e 1,3 ml (rispettivamente 436,1 mm3 e 755,9 mm3). Tutti gli impianti dentali sono stati osteointegrati nei pazienti sottoposti a successiva terapia implantare. CONCLUSIONI: Elevato guadagno osseo verticale e complicanze post-chirurgiche minime sono state associate a procedure di aumento osseo precedute dall'espansione dei tessuti molli (STE).4.1. ASTRATTO OBIETTIVI: Analizzare i pattern di riassorbimento osseo nelle mandibole posteriori e i corrispondenti innesti ossei digitalmente progettati per capire se si presentano in cluster distinti. MATERIALI E METODI: In questa analisi retrospettiva, sono state analizzate 120 scansioni CBCT per valutare la frequenza della classificazione di Cawood e Howell, nelle mandibole posteriori destra e sinistra. I risultati sono stati confrontati tra sesso ed età. La classe atrofica più frequente che ha bisogno di aumento osseo è stata virtualmente rigenerata nei segmenti mandibolari utilizzando un software specifico. Altezza, larghezza e lunghezza degli innesti ottenuti sono stati analizzati per concludere se questi innesti si presentano in cluster distinti. Risultati. La classe V era la classe atrofica più frequente rispetto alla classe IV e VI nelle mandibole posteriori sinistra e destra (16%, 20,8% rispettivamente). Gli stadi atrofici gravi erano più frequenti nelle femmine (p = 0,029 per il lato sinistro, p = 0,007 per il lato destro) e nei gruppi di età più avanzata (p = 0,008 per il lato destro) Dopo la rigenerazione virtuale dei difetti della classe V, tre cluster erano evidente, che differisce solo per la lunghezza, in base al numero di denti mancanti (p = 0,0001). L'altezza e la larghezza degli innesti virtuali erano comparabili per i tre cluster (p> 0,05). Il volume medio dell'innesto virtuale era di 2.184 mm3 (quattro denti mancanti), 1,819 mm3 (tre denti mancanti) e 1,476 mm3 (due denti mancanti). In conclusione, l'atrofia dello stadio V era il pattern di riassorbimento più frequente rispetto alle classi IV e V, nelle mandibole posteriori. La procedura di rigenerazione virtuale ha rivelato tre gruppi di innesti virtuali, che differiscono solo per la lunghezza in base al numero di denti mancanti. Si consigliano studi futuri per determinare il rapporto di adattamento tra innesti virtuali e reali alla superficie dell'osso.
ALVEOLAR BONE AUGMENTATION PRIOR TO DENTAL IMPLANT PLACEMENT: VOLUME ANALYSIS & APPLICATIONS OF PRE-AUGMENTATION SOFT TISSUE EXPANSION (STE) AND REGENERATION WITH 3D PRINTED SCAFFOLDS
ASA'AD, FARAH
2017
Abstract
1.1. ABSTRACT OBJECTIVES: The aim of this review was to explore the development of soft tissue expanders, their different types and their potential applications prior to bone augmentation and implant placement. MATERIALS & METHODS: A review of pertinent literature was performed using PubMed to comprehend the dynamics of soft tissue expanders and determine the current position of their pre- augmentation applications. RESULTS: There is promising, albeit preliminary information regarding the benefits of pre- augmentation soft tissue expansion (STE). Findings cannot be generalized due to relatively small sample size of the scarce clinical studies available in literature. CONCLUSIONS: Further clinical trials with larger sample sizes and long-term follow-up are needed before soft tissue expanders can be confidently applied in everyday clinical practice. 2.1. ABSTRACT OBJECTIVES: To investigate the clinical outcomes, complications and volume gain of pre-augmentation soft tissue expansion (STE). MATERIALS & METHODS: Tissue expanders were implanted in seven patients requiring vertical and/or horizontal bone augmentation. Guided bone regeneration (GBR) was carried out either after 20, 40 or 60 days of STE. Vertical and horizontal bone gains were analyzed with cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans. Optic scanning and superimposition of cast models fabricated from pre- and post- augmentation alginate impressions were used for volumetric analysis. RESULTS: Seven sites in seven patients were treated with STE. Perforation occurred in two sites; early failure due to the tightness of the prepared pouch, and late failure due to minor cracks of the silicon shell covering the expander as a result of handling of the expander body with a dental tweezer. Post-expansion, primary wound closure was easily achieved at augmentation without any subsequent graft expositions. Six months post-augmentation, CBCT analysis revealed high vertical bone gain (mean = 7.3 ± 1.2 mm). Mean of horizontal bone gain was 5.5 ± 2.9 mm. Volumetric analysis of three successful expansion cases revealed a mean volume increase of 483.8 ± 251.7 mm3. Soft tissue volume increase corresponded only to the 0.24 ml cylinder expander (volume increase = 259.4 mm3), while this increase was almost half of the final expander volume for the 0.7 and 1.3 ml cylinder expanders (436.1 mm3 & 755.9 mm3 respectively). Volumetric analysis of the late expansion failure reflected soft tissue shrinkage, which might suggest that STE affects tissues by tension and does not cause real volume gain. All dental implants were osseointegrated in the patients that underwent subsequent dental implant therapy. CONCLUSIONS: High vertical bone gain and minimal post-surgical complications were associated with bone augmentation procedures preceded by soft tissue expansion (STE). 3.1. ABSTRACT To ensure a successful dental implant therapy, presence of adequate vertical and horizontal alveolar bone is fundamental. However, an insufficient amount of alveolar ridge in both dimensions is often encountered in dental practice due to the consequences of oral diseases and tooth loss. Although post-extraction socket preservation has been adopted to lessen the need for such invasive approaches, it utilizes bone-grafting materials, which have limitations that could negatively affect the quality of bone formation. To overcome the drawbacks of routinely employed grafting materials, bone-graft substitutes such as 3D-scaffolds have been recently investigated in the dental field. In this review, we highlight different biomaterials suitable for 3D-scaffold fabrication, with a focus on “3D-printed” ones as bone graft substitutes that might be convenient for various applications related to implant therapy. We also briefly discuss their possible adoption for periodontal regeneration. 4.1. ABSTRACT OBJECTIVES: To analyze bone resorption patterns in the posterior mandibles and their corresponding digitally designed bone grafts to understand if they come in distinct clusters. MATERIALS & METHODS: In this retrospective analysis, 120 CBCT scans were analyzed to evaluate the frequency of Cawood & Howell classification, in right and left posterior mandibles. Results were compared between gender and age. The most frequent atrophic class that needs bone augmentation was virtually regenerated in the mandibular segments using specific software. Height, width and length of the obtained grafts were analyzed to conclude if these grafts come in distinct clusters. RESULTS: Class V was the most frequent atrophic class in comparison to class IV & VI in the left and right posterior mandibles (16%, 20.8% respectively). Severe atrophic stages were more frequent in females (p= 0.029 for the left side, p= 0.007 for the right side) and in older age groups (p= 0.008 for the right side) After virtual regeneration of class V defects, three clusters were evident, differing only in length, based on the number of missing teeth (p= 0.0001). Height and width of the virtual grafts were comparable for the three clusters (p > 0.05). Mean virtual graft volume was 2,184 mm3 (four missing teeth), 1,819 mm3 (three missing teeth) & 1,476 mm3 (two missing teeth). CONCLUSIONS: Stage V atrophy was the most frequent resorption pattern in comparison to classes IV & V, in posterior mandibles. Virtual regeneration procedure revealed three clusters of virtual grafts, differing only in the length based on the number of missing teeth. Future studies are recommended to determine the adaptation ratio between virtual and actual grafts to bone surface.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/172391
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMI-172391