The development of new packaging materials offering new functionalities, less environmental impact, and economical benefits is nowadays an urgent necessity. The advent of nanotechnology opened new possibilities toward this goal, e.g. by the generation of a new class of bionanocomposite films or coatings for “greener” packaging structures with same or even better overall performance compared to the conventional materials. This PhD thesis has been conceived as an effective and promising strategy for the development of biopolymer nanocomposites based on graphene specifically intended for food packaging applications. Within this context, the use of graphene aims to prompt new research on this unexplored inorganic filler in the food packaging sector as a potential alternative to the currently used solutions. The overall project has been divided into four parts. In the first part, the use of pullulan to produce graphene oxide (GO)-bionanocomposites was investigated for the first time in terms of oxygen barrier, tensile, thermal, and optical properties. To get deep understanding on the physical arrangement of the newly generated biopolymer nanocomposites, both oxygen permeability and elastic modulus experimental data were compared with predictive models (Nielsen and Cussler models, and Halpin–Tsai model, respectively). These models, complemented by morphological observations, suggested that the simultaneous improvement of mechanical and oxygen barrier properties was attributed to three main effects: i) chemical affinity between GO and pullulan, which significantly enhanced the interfacial adhesion between the two phases; ii) prevalent unidirectional alignment of GO sheets in the pullulan matrix, parallel to the surface of nanocomposite films; and iii) high specific surface area and 2D geometry of GO. The results obtained in the first part disclosed the great potential of graphene-based pullulan bionanocomposites as oxygen barrier even at high relative humidity (70% RH) values. However, high cost of pullulan may limit its applications in food packaging. Therefore, in the second part, GO-enhanced pullulan/chitosan and pullulan/alginate blend systems were prepared using the same technique used in part 1. Compared to pure pullulan films, optimized bionanocomposite blend films exhibited enhanced mechanical and thermal properties and comparable oxygen performance while keeping the haze formation within the 3% threshold and transmittance below 90% at 550 nm, which are adequate values for most applications in the food packaging sector. These optimized formulations allowed achieving a well-balanced performance/cost ratio. The third part of the project was aimed to design bionanocoatings combining pullulan and GO to be applied on polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The rationale behind this approach lies in the fact that most examples on the use of nanosized fillers concern bulky biopolymers. Only very recently it has been proposed the use of fillers within coatings made of biopolymers to produce bionanocomposite coatings to improve the properties of a plastic substrate without jeopardizing its original attributes and optimize cost efficiency. Full exfoliation of GO platelets during preparation of the coating water dispersions was mediated by ultrasonic treatment, which turned out to be a pivotal factor in the oxygen barrier performance of the final material at 0 and 30% RH condition as well as in its stiffness, elongation, and friction properties. The fourth and last part of the PhD project focused on the graphene production. Specifically, the capability of three different biopolymers (the positively charged polyelectrolyte chitosan, the uncharged pullulan, and the anionic polyelectrolyte alginate) was evaluated to promote the direct exfoliation of graphite into graphene sheets in an aqueous medium by means of high-intensity ultrasonication. Findings arising from this work suggest that non-ionic pullulan and cationic chitosan are more effective to exfoliate graphite into graphene under ultrasonication than anionic alginate, which was attributed to thermodynamic reasons. This approach provides an economical, solvent-free, high-yield, and industrially scalable route for new applications of graphene-based nanocomposites, e.g. in the food packaging industr
Lo sviluppo di nuovi materiali multifunzionali, a minore impatto ambientale e con benefici economici, rappresenta una impellente necessità. L’avvento delle nanotecnologie ha aperto la strada a nuove possibilità, ad esempio attraverso lo sviluppo di materiali biopolimerici nanostrutturati. Questa tesi di dottorato si propone di illustrare nuove strategie per lo sviluppo di bionanocompositi a base di grafene per specifiche applicazioni nel settore dell’imballaggio alimentare. L’uso del grafene mira ad approfondire le conoscenze circa la potenziale applicazione di tale filler inorganico come alternativa alle attuali soluzioni. Il progetto è stato suddiviso in quattro parti. Nella prima parte è stato valutato l’uso del pullulano per la produzione di bionanocompositi a base di ossido di grafene (GO), con particolare riferimento alle proprietà di barriera all’ossigeno, proprietà meccaniche, termiche ed ottiche. I dati sperimentali di barriera all’ossigeno e quelli meccanici, inoltre, sono stati confrontati con quelli ottenuti mediante l’uso di tre modelli predittivi, ovvero Nielsen e Cussler per le barriere, Halpi-Tsai per le prove meccaniche. La modellazione ha indicato come il miglioramento delle proprietà di barriera e di quelle meccaniche fosse dovuto a tre effetti principali: i) affinità chimica tra GO e pullulano, con conseguente miglioramento delle forze di adesione all’interfaccia tra le due fasi; ii) prevalente allineamento unidirezionale del filler inorganico; iii) elevata area superficiale e bidimensionalita del GO. I risultati ottenuti nella prima parte del progetto hanno evidenziato l’enorme potenzialità dei bionanocompositi a base di pullulano e grafene ad agire da barriera all’ossigeno anche ad elevate umidità (70% RH). Tuttavia, i costi elevati possono limitarne l’applicazione nel settore dell’imballaggio alimentare. Per tale motivo, nella seconda parte del progetto si è deciso di valutare la possibilità di utilizzare altri biopolimeri in combinazione col pullulano. Sono stati pertanto sviluppati film a base di pullulano e chitosano e pullulano e alginato. Questi films hanno evidenziato proprietà meccaniche e termiche superiori ai film di solo pullulano mantenendo le proprietà barriera. Inoltre, i valori di opacità e trasmittanza sono stati mantenuti entro i valori ‘limite’ del 3% e del 90% (a 550 nm) comunemente accettati per le applicazioni nell’imballaggio alimentare. Non meno importante, l’ottenimento di tali blend ha permesso una maggiore efficienza in termini di performance/costi. La terza parte del progetto ha avuto come obiettivo lo sviluppo di sottili strati bionanocompositi a base di pullulano e GO. Tali strati sono stati depositati su polietilene tereftalato (PET), al fine di migliorarne specifiche proprietà, senza compromenetterne la funzionalità. L’esfoliazione del GO è avvenuta mediante ultrasonicazione, che è risultato essere un trattamento ‘chiave’ al fine di ottenere specifiche proprietà di barriera e meccaniche del coating finale. La quarta ed ultima parte del progetto si è incentrata su nuove strategie per la produzione di grafene, con particolare riferimento all’uso dell’ultrasonicazione facilitare l’esfoliazione di grafite in grafene mediatada dalla presenza di polisaccaridi. I risultati ottenuti in quest’ultima fase del progetto hanno evidenziato la possibilità di ottenere grafene mediante un processo pulito, efficiente e a basso costo.
POTENTIAL USE OF GRAPHENE FOR THE GENERATION OF BIONANOCOMPOSITE MATERIALS FOR FOOD PACKAGING APPLICATIONS
UYSAL UNALAN, ILKE
2014
Abstract
The development of new packaging materials offering new functionalities, less environmental impact, and economical benefits is nowadays an urgent necessity. The advent of nanotechnology opened new possibilities toward this goal, e.g. by the generation of a new class of bionanocomposite films or coatings for “greener” packaging structures with same or even better overall performance compared to the conventional materials. This PhD thesis has been conceived as an effective and promising strategy for the development of biopolymer nanocomposites based on graphene specifically intended for food packaging applications. Within this context, the use of graphene aims to prompt new research on this unexplored inorganic filler in the food packaging sector as a potential alternative to the currently used solutions. The overall project has been divided into four parts. In the first part, the use of pullulan to produce graphene oxide (GO)-bionanocomposites was investigated for the first time in terms of oxygen barrier, tensile, thermal, and optical properties. To get deep understanding on the physical arrangement of the newly generated biopolymer nanocomposites, both oxygen permeability and elastic modulus experimental data were compared with predictive models (Nielsen and Cussler models, and Halpin–Tsai model, respectively). These models, complemented by morphological observations, suggested that the simultaneous improvement of mechanical and oxygen barrier properties was attributed to three main effects: i) chemical affinity between GO and pullulan, which significantly enhanced the interfacial adhesion between the two phases; ii) prevalent unidirectional alignment of GO sheets in the pullulan matrix, parallel to the surface of nanocomposite films; and iii) high specific surface area and 2D geometry of GO. The results obtained in the first part disclosed the great potential of graphene-based pullulan bionanocomposites as oxygen barrier even at high relative humidity (70% RH) values. However, high cost of pullulan may limit its applications in food packaging. Therefore, in the second part, GO-enhanced pullulan/chitosan and pullulan/alginate blend systems were prepared using the same technique used in part 1. Compared to pure pullulan films, optimized bionanocomposite blend films exhibited enhanced mechanical and thermal properties and comparable oxygen performance while keeping the haze formation within the 3% threshold and transmittance below 90% at 550 nm, which are adequate values for most applications in the food packaging sector. These optimized formulations allowed achieving a well-balanced performance/cost ratio. The third part of the project was aimed to design bionanocoatings combining pullulan and GO to be applied on polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The rationale behind this approach lies in the fact that most examples on the use of nanosized fillers concern bulky biopolymers. Only very recently it has been proposed the use of fillers within coatings made of biopolymers to produce bionanocomposite coatings to improve the properties of a plastic substrate without jeopardizing its original attributes and optimize cost efficiency. Full exfoliation of GO platelets during preparation of the coating water dispersions was mediated by ultrasonic treatment, which turned out to be a pivotal factor in the oxygen barrier performance of the final material at 0 and 30% RH condition as well as in its stiffness, elongation, and friction properties. The fourth and last part of the PhD project focused on the graphene production. Specifically, the capability of three different biopolymers (the positively charged polyelectrolyte chitosan, the uncharged pullulan, and the anionic polyelectrolyte alginate) was evaluated to promote the direct exfoliation of graphite into graphene sheets in an aqueous medium by means of high-intensity ultrasonication. Findings arising from this work suggest that non-ionic pullulan and cationic chitosan are more effective to exfoliate graphite into graphene under ultrasonication than anionic alginate, which was attributed to thermodynamic reasons. This approach provides an economical, solvent-free, high-yield, and industrially scalable route for new applications of graphene-based nanocomposites, e.g. in the food packaging industrFile | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/172985
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMI-172985