During the first decades of the fifteenth century the Venetian expansion on the territory between Kotor and Durres led to the creation of the province of Venetian Albania. The ottoman conquests reduced the venetian possessions only to Boka Kotorska, with the exclusion of Herceg Novi, Risan and Grbalj. Despite the small size of the province of Albania, its importance was enormous for the Republic, because of its strategic position in the Adriatic, of which it was probably the most protected and best fortified port. Within this very small territory, different social and legal realities coexisted: the city of Kotor, which possessed internal dynamics similar to those of the dalmatian towns of Split and Trogir; the community of Perast, where customary customs were combined with strong relational networks with Venice and the populations of Paštrovići, guarding the border with the Sanjak of Shkodra. The latter, conquered by Venice in 1423, had very similar institutions to those of their Albanian and Montenegrin neighbours, the most important of which was undoubtedly the krvna osveta (srb. blood vengeance). Revenge, far from being a simple explosion of uncontrolled violence, was actually a real legal system aimed at achieving peace and the composition of the parties; however, this process worked only in a situation of constitutional stability, and was threatened by the intervention of the two representatives in Kotor and Shkodra. It should also be considered that in the years that will be taken in consideration, corresponding to those of the "long peace" (1573-1645), the Albanian border constituted one of the major areas of tension in the whole Mediterranean: in particular, the frequent North-African corsairs incursions and the Hispano-Pontifical plots constituted a dangerous testing ground for the Venetian and Turkish administrators. In order to solve these potentially explosive situations at diplomatic level, both powers used local "agents", who using their influence and adherence within the territory, were fundamental to initiate the traditional practices of pacification. These figures, that we could imprecisely define as mediators, possessed very different profiles: Kotor nobles, Albanian and Montenegrin clan leaders, bishops, renegades, bandits, heterogeneous elements whose only common characteristic was a sort of double belonging to apparently opposing legal worlds.
L'espansione veneta sul territorio compreso fra Cattaro e Durazzo portò nei primi decenni del Quattrocento alla creazione della provincia dell'Albania Veneta, con capoluogo Scutari. La progressiva avanzata turca ridusse i possedimenti marciani alle sole Bocche di Cattaro, da cui peraltro erano escluse le località di Castelnuovo, Risano e Zuppa. Nonostante le dimensioni ridotte della provincia d'Albania, la sua importanza era enorme per la Repubblica, a causa della posizione strategica all'interno dello scacchiere adriatico, di cui costituiva probabilmente il porto più protetto e meglio fortificato. All'interno di questo piccolissimo territorio convivevano universi socio-giuridici assai diversi fra loro: la città di Cattaro, che possedeva dinamiche interne simili a quelle dei centri dalmati di Spalato e Trau; la comunità di Perasto, dove usi consuetudinari si univano a fortissime reti relazionali con la dominante Venezia e le popolazioni di Paštrovići, poste a guardia del confine con il Sangiaccato di Scutari. Questi ultimi, datisi a Venezia nel 1423, possedevano istituzioni di tipo assai simile a quelle dei vicini albanesi e montenegrini, fra le quali la più importante era senza dubbio la krvna osveta, la vendetta di sangue. La vendetta, lungi dall'essere una semplice esplosione di violenza incontrollata, costituiva in realtà un vero e proprio sistema giuridico finalizzato al raggiungimento della pace e alla composizione delle parti; questo processo funzionava tuttavia solo in una situazione di stabilita costituzionale, ed era minacciato dall'intervento dei due rappresentanti delle potenze a Cattaro e Scutari. Si consideri inoltre che negli anni che verranno analizzati nella ricerca, corrispondenti a quelli della "lunga pace"(1573-1645), il confine albanese costituì una delle maggiori zone di tensione di tutto il Mediterraneo: in particolare, le frequenti incursioni barbaresche e le trame ispano-pontificie costituirono un pericoloso banco di prova per gli amministratori veneti e turchi. Per risolvere queste situazioni potenzialmente esplosive a livello diplomatico, entrambe le potenze si servirono di "agenti" locali, i quali, utilizzando la loro influenza e aderenza all'interno del territorio, risultarono fondamentali per avviare le pratiche tradizionali di pacificazione. Queste figure, che potremmo definire imprecisamente mediatori, possedevano profili assai diversi fra loro: nobili di Cattaro, capi di clan albanesi e montenegrini, vescovi, rinnegati, banditi, elementi eterogenei la cui unica caratteristica comune era una sorta di duplice appartenenza a mondi giuridici apparentemente contrapposti
Le mura di Cattaro. Conflitti, comunità e sistemi giuridici al confine veneto-turco
ROMIO, MARCO
2021
Abstract
During the first decades of the fifteenth century the Venetian expansion on the territory between Kotor and Durres led to the creation of the province of Venetian Albania. The ottoman conquests reduced the venetian possessions only to Boka Kotorska, with the exclusion of Herceg Novi, Risan and Grbalj. Despite the small size of the province of Albania, its importance was enormous for the Republic, because of its strategic position in the Adriatic, of which it was probably the most protected and best fortified port. Within this very small territory, different social and legal realities coexisted: the city of Kotor, which possessed internal dynamics similar to those of the dalmatian towns of Split and Trogir; the community of Perast, where customary customs were combined with strong relational networks with Venice and the populations of Paštrovići, guarding the border with the Sanjak of Shkodra. The latter, conquered by Venice in 1423, had very similar institutions to those of their Albanian and Montenegrin neighbours, the most important of which was undoubtedly the krvna osveta (srb. blood vengeance). Revenge, far from being a simple explosion of uncontrolled violence, was actually a real legal system aimed at achieving peace and the composition of the parties; however, this process worked only in a situation of constitutional stability, and was threatened by the intervention of the two representatives in Kotor and Shkodra. It should also be considered that in the years that will be taken in consideration, corresponding to those of the "long peace" (1573-1645), the Albanian border constituted one of the major areas of tension in the whole Mediterranean: in particular, the frequent North-African corsairs incursions and the Hispano-Pontifical plots constituted a dangerous testing ground for the Venetian and Turkish administrators. In order to solve these potentially explosive situations at diplomatic level, both powers used local "agents", who using their influence and adherence within the territory, were fundamental to initiate the traditional practices of pacification. These figures, that we could imprecisely define as mediators, possessed very different profiles: Kotor nobles, Albanian and Montenegrin clan leaders, bishops, renegades, bandits, heterogeneous elements whose only common characteristic was a sort of double belonging to apparently opposing legal worlds.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/177719
URN:NBN:IT:UNITS-177719