Tecniche di biologia molecolare nello studio dei sistemi chemosensoriali

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY TECHNIQUES IN CHEMOSENSORY SYSTEMS STUDY ABSTRACT Since 1960s, the ultrastructural and more recently the immunohystological characterization have identified specialized cells with several morphological and molecular similarities with the taste cells, without being organized into taste buds. These solitary chemosensory cells (CCS) are widespread not only in the oral cavity but even in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract. The identification of these cell, that can be individually arranged or clustered, has led to conceptualize the existence of a diffuse chemosensory system (DCS) where the taste receptor cells organized within taste buds in the oral cavity are only the most obvious. The functions appear to involve the secretion and absorption of the DCS, and the innate immune response, but other roles are still partly speculative as not all cell types have been characterized, leaving opened many questions that this study has partly analyzed using molecular biology techniques. In particular, the different chemoreceptorial capacities of endodermal origin organs were assessed by RT-PCR and western blot examining the gene expression of those receptors that are involved in taste perception. We also performed experiments to better characterize the receptor cells within taste buds, showing that they have a very wide range of molecular pathways including typical features of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract. It was analyzed whether the expression of these genes is modified by different types of diets at intestinal level. The data indicate a different localization of the bitter and sweet receptors along the respiratory pathway that have a role in the modulation of ciliary movement and secretion. Whereas the sweet receptors cannot be found deeper than trachea, some of the bitter receptors are also expressed in the lungs. On the other hand, along the gastrointestinal tract the bitter receptors appear to be expressed in a selective and differentiated manner. The intestine is also sensitive to prolonged diets, overexpressing or downregulating the expression of proteins involved in absorption and secretion. In particular, we studied the intestinal fatty acid sensing by real time PCR utilize. The results indicate that chronic high-fat diets cut down both the expression of CD36, a protein with high affinity for fatty acids present in the apical membrane of enterocytes, and the expression of the signaling mechanisms of satiation induced by fat. This signal, which unlike other intestinal hormones has the ability to prolong the latency between meals, is generated mainly by the production of the lipid hormone oleoylethanolamide (OEA). This study further highlights a new additional disadvantage of high-fat diets and the existence of a correlation between different genes, suggesting that CD36 act as a fatty acids sensor and have regulator roles upon the intestinal mechanisms of OEA production.