Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) have become instrumental for drug testing, with particular interest for drug repurposing. These cells, derived from humans, offer a more precise representation of human cellular responses, often not achieved through animal models or simpler heterologous systems. Sharing the genotype with patients also paves the way for advanced personalized medicine approaches. Our study focused on hiPSC-CMs derived from patients with cardiac channelopathies to assess drug safety and to identify new therapies. We also leveraged these cells to explore therapies for ischemia-reperfusion injuries using oxidative stress model. We used several advanced techniques to assess hiPSC-CMs' functional properties, such as multi-electrode arrays, CytoCypher devices, and the patch-clamp technique. In the first chapter, we developed Batch Action PoTential Analyser (BAPTA), an R-based tool designed for high-throughput action potential (AP) analysis, adaptable to various species. After validating its efficacy against manual analyses, BAPTA was extensively applied in our later studies to analyze APs from hiPSC-CMs. The second chapter focuses on utilizing patient-specific hiPSC-CMs as a platform to explore drug repurposing for the treatment of calmodulin (CALM) LQTS. Managing CALM-LQTS patients remains a challenge. Conventional therapies appear insufficient in addressing the severity of calmodulinopathies. Although sodium channel blockers such as mexiletine and flecainide show promising results when combined with standard therapies, their isolated therapeutic potential remains unclear. We hypothesized that mexiletine and flecainide could counteract APD prolongation in hiPSC-CMs carrying the CALM1-p.F142L variant. Our findings with the CALM1-p.F142L mutation indicated their limited standalone efficacy for sodium channel blockers. The third chapter evaluates hydroxychloroquine's (HCQ) proarrhythmic effects. Initially repurposed for its potential SARS-CoV-2 inhibition, there are significant concerns about its effect on prolonging the QT interval when HCQ is used outside its normal therapeutic range. We hypothesize the response of hiPSC-CMs to HCQ could vary depending on the genetic background of patients, with HCQ causing a concentration-dependent prolongation of FPD in vitro. HCQ also initiated arrhythmias, leading to a cessation of beating of hiPSC-CM monolayers at elevated concentrations. We identified that hiPSC-CMs from healthy or asymptomatic subjects showed a lower propensity to a prolongation of the repolarization duration compared to severely symptomatic subjects. The fourth chapter delves into analyzing oxidative stress effects on hiPSCs-CMs and assessment of therapeutic potential of cardiac mesenchymal stromal cells (cMSC) conditioned media. With ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) being a leading concern in coronary artery disease, finding effective treatments is crucial. Our results indicated that oxidative stress could significantly alter CM functional properties, while cMSC-conditioned media can potentially counteract some of the effects, although its comprehensive efficiency in IRI scenarios needs feather investigation. Overall, through different examples, this thesis highlights the value of hiPSC-CMs for testing drug efficacy, drug repurposing and evaluation of drug safety.
L'uso di hiPSC-CMs come piattaforma per la valutazione della sicurezza e dell'efficacia dei farmaci rappresenta un avanzamento rivoluzionario nella ricerca cardiaca e nello sviluppo terapeutico. Questa tesi ha sottolineato il significativo potenziale delle hiPSC-CMs come modello per valutare la sicurezza e l'efficacia dei farmaci. Nel capitolo 1, l'utilizzo delle hiPSC-CMs come piattaforma per valutare la sicurezza cardiaca è stata implementata attraverso lo sviluppo del Batch Action Potential Analyzer (BAPTA). L'introduzione di questo strumento automatizzato per l'analisi dei potenziali d'azione cardiaci rappresenta un significativo progresso, poiché semplifica e accelera l'analisi dei dati, rendendo più efficiente l'interpretazione dei risultati. I capitoli 2 e 3 hanno messo in luce l'applicazione delle hiPSC-CMs nel campo dei test farmacologici, dimostrando la loro capacità di fungere da modello sperimentale paziente-specifiche per indagare e prevedere le risposte ai farmaci. L'uso delle hiPSC-CMs ha permesso di esplorare il potenziale terapeutico della Mexiletine e della Flecainide nalla patologia Long QT Syndrome, così come la valutazione della sicurezza dell'idrossiclorochina durante il COVID-19. Ciò sottolinea il loro significativo potenziale nelle valutazioni di sicurezza dei farmaci centrati sul paziente. Infine, nel capitolo 4, è stato mostrato il ruolo delle hiPSC-CMs come piattaforma per comprendere la patofisiologia cardiaca e le possibili strategie terapeutiche. Qui, è stata illustrata la capacità delle hiPSC-CMs di modellare le condizioni di stress ossidativo e di indagare il potenziale cardioprotettivo dei terreni di coltura condizionati da cMSC. Questa tesi aggiunge importanti conoscenze a supporto dell'uso delle hiPSC-CMs come modello per la valutazione della sicurezza e dell'efficacia dei farmaci. Gli sforzi futuri sono tesi a continuare a migliorare e perfezionare questo modello, esplorando il suo pieno potenziale nell'ambito della ricerca cardiaca e dello sviluppo terapeutico.
Human induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes as a model for drug safety and efficacy assessment
LEONOV, VLADISLAV
2023
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) have become instrumental for drug testing, with particular interest for drug repurposing. These cells, derived from humans, offer a more precise representation of human cellular responses, often not achieved through animal models or simpler heterologous systems. Sharing the genotype with patients also paves the way for advanced personalized medicine approaches. Our study focused on hiPSC-CMs derived from patients with cardiac channelopathies to assess drug safety and to identify new therapies. We also leveraged these cells to explore therapies for ischemia-reperfusion injuries using oxidative stress model. We used several advanced techniques to assess hiPSC-CMs' functional properties, such as multi-electrode arrays, CytoCypher devices, and the patch-clamp technique. In the first chapter, we developed Batch Action PoTential Analyser (BAPTA), an R-based tool designed for high-throughput action potential (AP) analysis, adaptable to various species. After validating its efficacy against manual analyses, BAPTA was extensively applied in our later studies to analyze APs from hiPSC-CMs. The second chapter focuses on utilizing patient-specific hiPSC-CMs as a platform to explore drug repurposing for the treatment of calmodulin (CALM) LQTS. Managing CALM-LQTS patients remains a challenge. Conventional therapies appear insufficient in addressing the severity of calmodulinopathies. Although sodium channel blockers such as mexiletine and flecainide show promising results when combined with standard therapies, their isolated therapeutic potential remains unclear. We hypothesized that mexiletine and flecainide could counteract APD prolongation in hiPSC-CMs carrying the CALM1-p.F142L variant. Our findings with the CALM1-p.F142L mutation indicated their limited standalone efficacy for sodium channel blockers. The third chapter evaluates hydroxychloroquine's (HCQ) proarrhythmic effects. Initially repurposed for its potential SARS-CoV-2 inhibition, there are significant concerns about its effect on prolonging the QT interval when HCQ is used outside its normal therapeutic range. We hypothesize the response of hiPSC-CMs to HCQ could vary depending on the genetic background of patients, with HCQ causing a concentration-dependent prolongation of FPD in vitro. HCQ also initiated arrhythmias, leading to a cessation of beating of hiPSC-CM monolayers at elevated concentrations. We identified that hiPSC-CMs from healthy or asymptomatic subjects showed a lower propensity to a prolongation of the repolarization duration compared to severely symptomatic subjects. The fourth chapter delves into analyzing oxidative stress effects on hiPSCs-CMs and assessment of therapeutic potential of cardiac mesenchymal stromal cells (cMSC) conditioned media. With ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) being a leading concern in coronary artery disease, finding effective treatments is crucial. Our results indicated that oxidative stress could significantly alter CM functional properties, while cMSC-conditioned media can potentially counteract some of the effects, although its comprehensive efficiency in IRI scenarios needs feather investigation. Overall, through different examples, this thesis highlights the value of hiPSC-CMs for testing drug efficacy, drug repurposing and evaluation of drug safety.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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PhD thesis Leonov V.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/182938
URN:NBN:IT:UNIVR-182938