Despite the progress in the field of the cancer immunotherapy, the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) remains a huge problem-to-besolved nowadays. Among other key components, infiltrated myeloid cells in the TME can suppress anti-tumor immunity exploiting various mechanisms. L-arginine degradation from the extracellular milieu by arginase 1 (ARG1) is a notorious immunosuppressive mechanism. Although, huge effort has been made for the development of effective chemical inhibitors against ARG1, differences in ARG1 biology among species could restrain the successful translation of experimental model results in the clinical practice. In our study, we have demonstrated that ARG1 is present in neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) released by stimulated polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs), where it is cleaved by the cysteine protease cathepsin S (CTSS). This cleavage generated two truncated forms of lower molecular weight and unleashed ARG1 enzymatic activity at physiological pH. Subsequently, ARG1 enhanced activity resulted in the arrest of T lymphocytes proliferation. We have developed a neutralizing monoclonal antibody against ARG1, which efficiently blocked ARG1 activity, while the commercially available ARG1 inhibitors were unable to restore T cells proliferation when the cleaved forms were present. In patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), neutrophils and CD14+ARG1+ cells released NETs-related ARG1 endowed with increased activity, due to CTSS cleavage, and administration of the ARG1 neutralizing antibody blocked its inhibitory function. ARG1 blockade in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in ex vivo PDAC tumors enhanced the efficacy of immunotherapy through increased activation of T lymphocytes, while combinatory treatment of tumor-bearing humanized mice with adoptive cell therapy (ACT) and ARG1 neutralizing antibody increased T cells infiltration in the tumor tissues and attenuated tumor growth.
Nonostante gli straordinari risultati ottenuti dall'immunoterapia nel trattamento dei tumori, la sua efficacia risulta limitata a pochi pazienti. Tra i meccanismi responsabili di questa parziale efficacia gioca un ruolo chiave il microambiente tumorale (TME). Con le sue caratteristiche immunosoppressive, il TME è oggi oggetto di un’intensa ricerca, volta a identificare, caratterizzare e colpire le funzioni che lo regolano. Tra i componenti chiave del TME, annoveriamo le cellule mieloidi che, corrotte dalle cellule tumorali, intervengono nello spegnimento della risposta anti-tumorale attraverso svariati meccanismi. Tra questi, la degradazione di L-arginina nell'ambiente extracellulare da parte dell'arginasi 1 (ARG1) rappresenta un noto meccanismo immunosoppressorio. Sebbene siano stati fatti enormi sforzi per lo sviluppo di inibitori chimici efficaci contro l’ARG1, le differenze nella biologia di ARG1 tra uomo e modelli murini limita, ad oggi, l’efficacia della sua inibizione nella pratica clinica. Nel nostro studio, dimostriamo che ARG1 è presente nei neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) rilasciati dalle cellule polimorfonucleate (PMNs) stimolate. Nei NETs ARG1 viene tagliata dalla catepsina S (CTSS), originando frammenti di diverso peso molecolare con attività enzimatica. Come conseguenza, il risultato netto della funzione di ARG1 risulta aumentato a pH fisiologico. In pazienti con tumore pancreatico abbiamo evidenziato che tale meccanismo è presente in cellule mieloidi periferiche ed infiltranti il tumore. Abbiamo altresì dimostrato che l’attività di ARG1 può essere neutralizzata, in vitro, da un nuovo anticorpo monoclonale specifico per ARG1 umana, mentre classici inibitori risultano inefficaci. L’efficacia dell’anticorpo anti-ARG1 è stata inoltre valutata in vivo su omogenati di tumore pancreatico umano e in modelli murini. In tal senso, l’anticorpo si è dimostrato in grado di aumentare l’efficacia di terapie basate su checkpoint inhibitors e trasferimento adottivo di cellule T antitumorali.
Inhibition of NETs-associated ARG1 enhances the efficacy of anti-cancer immunotherapeutic approaches
BAROUNI, ROZA MARIA
2022
Abstract
Despite the progress in the field of the cancer immunotherapy, the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) remains a huge problem-to-besolved nowadays. Among other key components, infiltrated myeloid cells in the TME can suppress anti-tumor immunity exploiting various mechanisms. L-arginine degradation from the extracellular milieu by arginase 1 (ARG1) is a notorious immunosuppressive mechanism. Although, huge effort has been made for the development of effective chemical inhibitors against ARG1, differences in ARG1 biology among species could restrain the successful translation of experimental model results in the clinical practice. In our study, we have demonstrated that ARG1 is present in neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) released by stimulated polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs), where it is cleaved by the cysteine protease cathepsin S (CTSS). This cleavage generated two truncated forms of lower molecular weight and unleashed ARG1 enzymatic activity at physiological pH. Subsequently, ARG1 enhanced activity resulted in the arrest of T lymphocytes proliferation. We have developed a neutralizing monoclonal antibody against ARG1, which efficiently blocked ARG1 activity, while the commercially available ARG1 inhibitors were unable to restore T cells proliferation when the cleaved forms were present. In patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), neutrophils and CD14+ARG1+ cells released NETs-related ARG1 endowed with increased activity, due to CTSS cleavage, and administration of the ARG1 neutralizing antibody blocked its inhibitory function. ARG1 blockade in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in ex vivo PDAC tumors enhanced the efficacy of immunotherapy through increased activation of T lymphocytes, while combinatory treatment of tumor-bearing humanized mice with adoptive cell therapy (ACT) and ARG1 neutralizing antibody increased T cells infiltration in the tumor tissues and attenuated tumor growth.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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PhD Thesis_Roza Maria Barouni.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/183003
URN:NBN:IT:UNIVR-183003