Modelling, simulation and analysis of the electrical distribution system of a nuclear fusion reactor and its connection to the grid

Nuclear fusion represents an attractive and sustainable source of clean energy for the future. However, its successful implementation relies heavily on a robust and efficiently managed electrical distribution network. This thesis explores the development of simulation models for analyzing such a network supporting a nuclear fusion reactor. The research, conducted between 2020 and 2023, focuses on assessing network connectivity, potential impacts, and safety aspects during operation. Advanced simulation tools like PowerFactory were employed to model and verify the proposed distribution network design, ensuring its efficiency and reliability. The thesis addresses both the technical intricacies of the design and the paramount importance of operational safety. By modeling various operational scenarios and their implications, this research contributes valuable insights towards achieving a safe and efficient nuclear fusion energy distribution network. The context of this research is framed within the ambitious nuclear fusion project, requiring significant resources for large-scale power generation. The EUROfusion Roadmap outlines a strategic path for pursuing fusion energy in Europe, with key milestones like ITER (completion by 2030) and DEMO projects. These international collaborations aim to demonstrate the feasibility and safety of nuclear fusion for electricity production. This thesis specifically focuses on modeling the electrical distribution network for a nuclear fusion power plant, with a view towards ensuring the safety and feasibility of design choices for projects like DTT and DEMO. The research delves into various aspects, including socioeconomic considerations, nuclear physics, tokamak operation, and simulation model development for the electrical distribution system. Dedicated chapters explore these topics in detail. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the socioeconomic implications of nuclear fusion exploitation for electricity generation, together with the fundamental physics behind the process. An introduction of the technologies developed so far is also given, with a particular focus on tokamak devices. Chapter 2 delves with the requirements of a Nuclear Fusion Power Plant (NFPP) both in terms of the necessary component systems and in terms of standards and regulations governing its operations. Chapter 3 centers on optimizing the design of a nuclear fusion facility’s internal electrical distribution network. To achieve this goal, simulation models were developed and applied to analyze various aspects across two case studies. The analyses included preliminary design, sizing, operation analysis, and progress in the design of the electrical distribution system for the DTT project. Additionally, a Probabilistic Power Flow (PPF) analysis is employed to define and quantify the uncertainties associated with power demand and absorption within the DEMO plant’s electrical grid. Conclusions are reported in Chapter 4.