Public prosecutors have always been considered among the main expressions of the “national identity” of member states, thus remaining deeply linked to the specificities of individual systems. They are, in fact, the subjects called upon to operate (not only, but above all) in the area of criminal justice, an area of substantive law – criminal law, substantive and procedural – which, more than the others, has encountered obstacles towards a form of integration between states, due to its particular “hypersensitivity”. However, despite the traditional “jealousy” that states seem to wish to retain in defining their prerogatives and status, now more than ever, the idea that prosecuting authorities represent figures devoid of interest in the European Union legal system cannot be shared. This dissertation, therefore, aims to examine the figure of the prosecutor in the broader supranational context, from the perspective of the guarantees of independence and impartiality that assist the exercise of its functions. Specifically, the objective of the investigation is twofold: first, to verify, at present, the possibility of identifying a “European” model of an independent and impartial public prosecutor through a comparison between the Court’s caselaw and the existing norms on the matter; second, to verify whether, in the systems of the member states, there is the prospect of an institutional reform of the public prosecutor in the light of the European guidelines previously identified. To this end, the first chapter is concerned with highlighting the link between the independence of the judiciary and a fundamental value of the European Union, the rule of law, with a specific focus on the relationship between the latter and the role of prosecutors. The second chapter analyzes in detail the guarantees of the prosecutor as they emerge from the framework of the case law of the Court of Justice. Consequently, having identified a possible model of prosecutor in the Court’s opinions, the third chapter deals with examining the safeguards placed to guarantee the independence and impartiality of the new European Public Prosecutor’s Office; requirements expressly imposed in its founding regulation. The fourth chapter is devoted to identifying the fundamental principles that should guide the status of the prosecutor and his institutional role at the international level, through both the analysis of the principal institutional documents on the subject and the caselaw of the European Court of Human Rights. Lastly, in the light of the conclusions of the previous chapters, possible institutional reforms that member states might have to initiate in order to ensure effective independence and impartiality of the prosecuting judiciary – as a result of both the opinions of the Court and the above-mentioned newly established European Public Prosecutor’s Office – are envisaged.
La figura del pubblico ministero è, da sempre, inquadrata tra le principali espressioni della “identità nazionale” degli Stati membri, rimanendo così profondamente legata alle specificità dei singoli ordinamenti. Si tratta, infatti, di un soggetto chiamato ad operare (non solo, ma soprattutto) nell’ambito della giurisdizione penale, che appartiene a quell’area del diritto materiale – il diritto penale, sostanziale e processuale – che, per la particolare “ipersensibilità” che la contraddistingue, più delle altre ha incontrato ostacoli verso una forma di integrazione tra Stati. Tuttavia, nonostante la tradizionale “gelosia” che gli Stati sembrano voler conservare nel definirne le prerogative e lo status, oggi più che mai, non può essere condivisa l’idea che le autorità inquirenti rappresentino figure prive di interesse per l’ordinamento dell’Unione europea. La presente tesi di dottorato, pertanto, si propone di esaminare la figura del pubblico ministero nel più ampio contesto sovranazionale, sotto il profilo, segnatamente, delle garanzie di indipendenza e imparzialità che ne assistono l’esercizio delle funzioni. Nello specifico, l’obiettivo dell’indagine è duplice: da un lato, verificare, allo stato, la possibilità di individuare, tramite un raffronto tra giurisprudenza della Corte e il dato normativo esistente sul punto, un modello “europeo” di pubblico ministero indipendente e imparziale; dall’altro lato, verificare se, negli ordinamenti degli Stati membri, vi sia la prospettiva di una riforma istituzionale del pubblico ministero alla luce degli orientamenti europei così individuati. A tal fine, il primo capitolo si occupa di evidenziare il legame esistente tra l’indipendenza del potere giudiziario e lo Stato di diritto, valore fondamentale dell’Unione europea, con un focus nello specifico sul rapporto tra Stato di diritto e funzione requirente. Il secondo capitolo analizza nel dettaglio le garanzie del pubblico ministero per come emergono dal quadro della giurisprudenza della Corte di giustizia. Individuato così nelle pronunce della Corte un eventuale modello di pubblico ministero, il terzo capitolo si occupa di esaminare i presidi posti a garanzia dell’indipendenza e dell’imparzialità della nuova Procura europea, requisiti espressamente imposti nel relativo regolamento istitutivo. Il quarto capitolo, invece, è dedicato a individuare i principi fondamentali che dovrebbero guidare lo statuto del pubblico ministero e il suo ruolo istituzionale a livello internazionale, attraverso sia l’analisi dei principali documenti istituzionali sul tema sia della giurisprudenza della Corte europea dei diritti dell’uomo. Da ultimo, alla luce delle ricostruzioni effettuate nei capitoli precedenti, vengono prospettate eventuali riforme istituzionali che gli Stati membri potrebbero trovarsi a dover introdurre – a seguito tanto della giurisprudenza della Corte, quanto della sopravvenuta entrata in funzione della Procura europea – per garantire un’indipendenza e imparzialità effettiva della magistratura requirente.
IL PUBBLICO MINISTERO NELL'ORDINAMENTO DELL'UNIONE EUROPEA: VERSO L'AFFERMAZIONE DI UN MODELLO INDIPENDENTE E IMPARZIALE?
CIPRANDI, AGNESE ANGELA
2024
Abstract
Public prosecutors have always been considered among the main expressions of the “national identity” of member states, thus remaining deeply linked to the specificities of individual systems. They are, in fact, the subjects called upon to operate (not only, but above all) in the area of criminal justice, an area of substantive law – criminal law, substantive and procedural – which, more than the others, has encountered obstacles towards a form of integration between states, due to its particular “hypersensitivity”. However, despite the traditional “jealousy” that states seem to wish to retain in defining their prerogatives and status, now more than ever, the idea that prosecuting authorities represent figures devoid of interest in the European Union legal system cannot be shared. This dissertation, therefore, aims to examine the figure of the prosecutor in the broader supranational context, from the perspective of the guarantees of independence and impartiality that assist the exercise of its functions. Specifically, the objective of the investigation is twofold: first, to verify, at present, the possibility of identifying a “European” model of an independent and impartial public prosecutor through a comparison between the Court’s caselaw and the existing norms on the matter; second, to verify whether, in the systems of the member states, there is the prospect of an institutional reform of the public prosecutor in the light of the European guidelines previously identified. To this end, the first chapter is concerned with highlighting the link between the independence of the judiciary and a fundamental value of the European Union, the rule of law, with a specific focus on the relationship between the latter and the role of prosecutors. The second chapter analyzes in detail the guarantees of the prosecutor as they emerge from the framework of the case law of the Court of Justice. Consequently, having identified a possible model of prosecutor in the Court’s opinions, the third chapter deals with examining the safeguards placed to guarantee the independence and impartiality of the new European Public Prosecutor’s Office; requirements expressly imposed in its founding regulation. The fourth chapter is devoted to identifying the fundamental principles that should guide the status of the prosecutor and his institutional role at the international level, through both the analysis of the principal institutional documents on the subject and the caselaw of the European Court of Human Rights. Lastly, in the light of the conclusions of the previous chapters, possible institutional reforms that member states might have to initiate in order to ensure effective independence and impartiality of the prosecuting judiciary – as a result of both the opinions of the Court and the above-mentioned newly established European Public Prosecutor’s Office – are envisaged.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/183336
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMI-183336