In the absence of any relevant elements of innovation within the Treaty of Lisbon, the primary law approach to the issue of the application of EU law never seems to have deviated from the dichotomy between the ordinary cases of indirect administration of EU law by MS and the (rare) cases of direct administration by the EU (see Art. 291(2) TFEU and Art. 4(3) TEU). More recently, however, the emergence of new organizational and procedural forms has led to an ever-increasing intertwining of the national and EU administrative levels. It has resulted in an intense network of formal and informal collaboration techniques between the EU and the MS and, consequently, in a kind of implementing measures of a progressively more hybrid nature, composed of a national and an EU part. This phenomenon has also been accompanied by the simultaneous appearance of “new sources of law”, markedly atypical and with socially relevant mandatory force. Overall, there has been a gradual de facto erosion of the traditional binary system of implementation of EU law, in favor of the emergence of a third, new, model, called the co-administration. While the latter meets inescapable enforcement needs, it seems to have given rise to many questions regarding the theme of judicial protection against acts of application of EU law. Against this background, this thesis proposes to investigate the issue of judicial review of measures of implementation of EU law, with the aim of understand whether the system outlined by the Union can be said to be satisfactory and respectful of the principles of effectiveness and completeness of judicial remedies set forth in Article 47 Charter and Article 19 TEU. After a description of the current integrated system of application of EU law, it will proceed, first of all, to the investigation of the mechanisms of the jurisdictional control, that is, of the subjects in charge, at different levels, of carrying out this function and of the means through which it is carried out, then the work will be completed by a study of the ways in which the judge, who is competent to control the executive measure, carries out his review, especially with reference to the parameters and intensity of the latter. This is always in the light of the principles set forth in Article 47 Charter and Article 19 TEU, thus with the aim of understand whether, once the party has had access to the judge, the breadth of the control exercised by the latter over the acts of implementa- tion of EU law can be considered satisfactory or whether, on the other hand, criticalities (still) remain, such as to realize areas (more or less justified) of “jurisdictional immunity”.
In assenza di rilevanti elementi d’innovazione all’interno del Trattato di Lisbona, l’approccio del diritto primario al tema dell’esecuzione del diritto dell’Unione europea non sembra essersi mai discostato dalla dicotomia tra casi, del tutto ordinari, di amministrazione indiretta del diritto dell’Unione da parte degli Stati membri e (rari) casi di amministrazione diretta da parte dell’Unione (cfr. art. 291, par. 2 TFUE e art. 4, par. 3 TUE). In tempi più recenti, tuttavia, la comparsa di nuove forme organizzative (si pensi, in primo luogo, all’avvento del modello delle agenzie europee e delle autorità amministrative nazionali) e procedimentali ha condotto a un intreccio via via maggiore tra il livello di amministrazione nazionale e quello “comunitario”, tale da comportare una sempre più fitta rete di tecniche collaborative, formali e informali, tra Unione europea e Stati membri, dalla quale sono scaturite misure di applicazione a carattere progressivamente più ibrido, composte di una parte nazionale e di una parte prettamente “comunitaria”. Tale fenomeno è stato, per altro, accompagnato dalla contestuale emersione di “nuove” fonti del diritto, marcatamente atipiche e dalla forza obbligatoria socialmente rilevante. Complessivamente, si è così assistito alla graduale erosione de facto del tradizionale sistema binario di esecuzione del diritto dell’Unione, in favore dell’emersione di un terzo, nuovo, modello esecutivo, denominato della coamministrazione. Quest’ultimo, se da un lato risponde a esigenze applicative ineludibili, dall’altro sembra aver dato origine a non poche questioni per quanto concerne il profilo della tutela giurisdizionale nei confronti degli atti di esecuzione del diritto “comunitario”. A fronte di tale scenario, il presente lavoro si propone di indagare il tema del controllo giurisdizionale delle misure di applicazione del diritto dell’Unione europea, allo scopo di provare a comprendere se il sistema delineato dall’Unione possa dirsi soddisfacente e rispettoso dei principi di effettività e di completezza dei rimedi giurisdizionali di cui all’art. 47 Carta e all’art. 19 TUE. Premessa la descrizione dell’attuale sistema integrato di esecuzione del diritto “comunitario”, si procederà all’indagine dei meccanismi di tale controllo giurisdizionale, ossia dei soggetti incaricati, a più livelli, di svolgere questa funzione e dei mezzi tramite i quali la medesima si esplica, per poi completare l’analisi con uno studio delle modalità con cui il giudice, competente a controllare la misura applicativa, svolge il proprio sindacato, in particolar modo con riferimento ai parametri e all’intensità di tale controllo. Questo sempre alla luce dei principi di cui all’art. 47 Carta e all’art. 19 TUE, quindi al fine di provare a comprendere se, una volta che la parte abbia avuto accesso al giudice, l’ampiezza del controllo esercitato da quest’ultimo sugli atti applicativi del diritto dell’Unione possa ritenersi soddisfacente o se, invece, residuino (ancora) criticità, tali da realizzare delle aree (più o meno giustificate) di “immunità giurisdizionale”.
IL CONTROLLO GIURISDIZIONALE DELLE MISURE DI APPLICAZIONE DEL DIRITTO DELL'UNIONE EUROPEA
AGRATI, GIULIA
2024
Abstract
In the absence of any relevant elements of innovation within the Treaty of Lisbon, the primary law approach to the issue of the application of EU law never seems to have deviated from the dichotomy between the ordinary cases of indirect administration of EU law by MS and the (rare) cases of direct administration by the EU (see Art. 291(2) TFEU and Art. 4(3) TEU). More recently, however, the emergence of new organizational and procedural forms has led to an ever-increasing intertwining of the national and EU administrative levels. It has resulted in an intense network of formal and informal collaboration techniques between the EU and the MS and, consequently, in a kind of implementing measures of a progressively more hybrid nature, composed of a national and an EU part. This phenomenon has also been accompanied by the simultaneous appearance of “new sources of law”, markedly atypical and with socially relevant mandatory force. Overall, there has been a gradual de facto erosion of the traditional binary system of implementation of EU law, in favor of the emergence of a third, new, model, called the co-administration. While the latter meets inescapable enforcement needs, it seems to have given rise to many questions regarding the theme of judicial protection against acts of application of EU law. Against this background, this thesis proposes to investigate the issue of judicial review of measures of implementation of EU law, with the aim of understand whether the system outlined by the Union can be said to be satisfactory and respectful of the principles of effectiveness and completeness of judicial remedies set forth in Article 47 Charter and Article 19 TEU. After a description of the current integrated system of application of EU law, it will proceed, first of all, to the investigation of the mechanisms of the jurisdictional control, that is, of the subjects in charge, at different levels, of carrying out this function and of the means through which it is carried out, then the work will be completed by a study of the ways in which the judge, who is competent to control the executive measure, carries out his review, especially with reference to the parameters and intensity of the latter. This is always in the light of the principles set forth in Article 47 Charter and Article 19 TEU, thus with the aim of understand whether, once the party has had access to the judge, the breadth of the control exercised by the latter over the acts of implementa- tion of EU law can be considered satisfactory or whether, on the other hand, criticalities (still) remain, such as to realize areas (more or less justified) of “jurisdictional immunity”.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/183361
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMI-183361