Ever since the Spaak Report, State aid control, considered to be one of the key policies for the creation of the common market, has relied on an architecture aimed at a continuous and rigorous monitoring of public concessions, with the ultimate goal of avoiding State behaviour detrimental to the internal market. To this end, the Treaties entrust to the (exclusive) competence of the European Commission the assessment, on a case-by-case basis, of the compatibility of the state measure with the internal market, preventing it from being implemented – and, therefore, from producing potentially distorting effects – before its compatibility with the Union framework has been verified. The Commission thus enjoys a wide discretionary power both in assessing the authorisation of support measures adopted by Member States and in relation to the enforcement of the discipline, being able to authorise exceptions to the general prohibition of State aid, weighing national objectives against those of European integration. The importance of these two actors tends, however, to obscure the significant impact that the application of State aid rules has on private undertakings, whose interests risk, however, being significantly compromised. In particular, as regards the aid beneficiary, although it is often the actor that faces the highest financial risk, it is not always in a more favourable position than other third parties involved in the control procedure. Against this background, the aim of this research is to examine, mainly through an in-depth examination of the Commission’s practice and the Court of Justice’s case law, the protections offered to (aid recipient) undertakings involved in the State aid control system by the European legal framework, attempting to delineate the quantum of protection provided to them by EU law. The aim of the work is to explore the extent to which beneficiary undertakings can rely on the State aid rules to protect themselves from the potentially harmful effects of Commission measures and whether – and ifso, how – the wide discretion enjoyed by the Commission affects the position of such undertakings to a greater or lesser extent. The analysis will concentrate, specifically, upon some critical aspects relating, on the one hand, to the protection accorded to the parties involved in the administrative procedure of State aid control before the European Commission; on the other hand, to the judicial protection offered in litigation before the Court, delving into beneficiaries’ access to appeals against the Commission’s decisions and the judicial review exercised by the Court on these decisions.
Fin dal Rapporto Spaak, il controllo degli aiuti di Stato, ritenuta una delle politiche chiave per la creazione del mercato comune, si basa su un’architettura volta ad un continuo e rigoroso monitoraggio delle agevolazioni pubbliche, con l’obiettivo finale di evitare comportamenti statali pregiudizievoli per il mercato interno. A tale fine, i Trattati affidano alla competenza (esclusiva) della Commissione europea la valutazione, caso per caso, della compatibilità della misura statale con il mercato interno, evitando che questa possa essere posta in essere – e, dunque, possa produrre effetti potenzialmente distorsivi – prima che ne sia stata verificata la compatibilità con la disciplina dell’Unione. La Commissione gode così di un ampio potere discrezionale sia nel giudizio di autorizzazione delle misure di sostegno adottate dagli Stati membri che in relazione all’enforcement della disciplina, potendo difatti autorizzare eccezioni al divieto generale di concedere aiuti di Stato, ponderando gli obiettivi nazionali con quelli dell’integrazione europea. Tale sistema di controllo vede dunque come protagonisti la Commissione, con un ruolo di garante delle norme dell’UE in materia, e gli Stati membri, in quanto destinatari di tali norme; l’importanza di questi due attori tende, tuttavia, ad oscurare l’impatto significativo che l’applicazione delle norme sugli aiuti di Stato esercita sulle imprese private, i cui interessi rischiano, però, di essere significativamente compromessi. In particolare, per quanto riguarda il beneficiario dell’aiuto, nonostante si tratti spesso dell’attore che affronta il rischio finanziario più elevato, non per questo si trova sempre in una posizione di maggior favore rispetto ad altri terzi coinvolti nella procedura di controllo. In tale cornice, il presente lavoro di ricerca si propone di esaminare, principalmente attraverso un approfondito esame della prassi della Commissione e della giurisprudenza della Corte di giustizia, le tutele offerte alle imprese (beneficiarie dell’aiuto) coinvolte nel sistema di controllo degli aiuti di Stato dal quadro normativo europeo, tentando di delineare il quantum di protezione garantito loro dal diritto dell’UE. Scopo ultimo del lavoro è quello di verificare in quale misura le imprese beneficiarie possano fare affidamento sulle norme sugli aiuti di Stato per proteggersi dagli effetti potenzialmente dannosi dei provvedimenti della Commissione e se – ed eventualmente in che modo – l’ampia discrezionalità di cui dispone la Commissione incida più o meno negativamente sulla posizione di tali imprese. L’analisi si concentrerà, nello specifico, su alcuni profili critici che attengono, da un lato, alla tutela riservata alle parti della procedura amministrativa di controllo degli aiuti di Stato dinanzi alla Commissione europea; dall’altro lato, alla tutela giurisdizionale offerta nel contenzioso dinanzi alla Corte, approfondendo il profilo dell’accesso dei beneficiari ai ricorsi contro le decisioni della Commissione e quello del controllo giurisdizionale esercitato dalla Corte su tali decisioni.
IL CONTENZIOSO EUROPEO IN MATERIA DI AIUTI DI STATO FRA ESIGENZE DI TUTELA DELLE IMPRESE E DISCREZIONALITÀ DELLA COMMISSIONE
CAGOSSI, FRANCESCA
2024
Abstract
Ever since the Spaak Report, State aid control, considered to be one of the key policies for the creation of the common market, has relied on an architecture aimed at a continuous and rigorous monitoring of public concessions, with the ultimate goal of avoiding State behaviour detrimental to the internal market. To this end, the Treaties entrust to the (exclusive) competence of the European Commission the assessment, on a case-by-case basis, of the compatibility of the state measure with the internal market, preventing it from being implemented – and, therefore, from producing potentially distorting effects – before its compatibility with the Union framework has been verified. The Commission thus enjoys a wide discretionary power both in assessing the authorisation of support measures adopted by Member States and in relation to the enforcement of the discipline, being able to authorise exceptions to the general prohibition of State aid, weighing national objectives against those of European integration. The importance of these two actors tends, however, to obscure the significant impact that the application of State aid rules has on private undertakings, whose interests risk, however, being significantly compromised. In particular, as regards the aid beneficiary, although it is often the actor that faces the highest financial risk, it is not always in a more favourable position than other third parties involved in the control procedure. Against this background, the aim of this research is to examine, mainly through an in-depth examination of the Commission’s practice and the Court of Justice’s case law, the protections offered to (aid recipient) undertakings involved in the State aid control system by the European legal framework, attempting to delineate the quantum of protection provided to them by EU law. The aim of the work is to explore the extent to which beneficiary undertakings can rely on the State aid rules to protect themselves from the potentially harmful effects of Commission measures and whether – and ifso, how – the wide discretion enjoyed by the Commission affects the position of such undertakings to a greater or lesser extent. The analysis will concentrate, specifically, upon some critical aspects relating, on the one hand, to the protection accorded to the parties involved in the administrative procedure of State aid control before the European Commission; on the other hand, to the judicial protection offered in litigation before the Court, delving into beneficiaries’ access to appeals against the Commission’s decisions and the judicial review exercised by the Court on these decisions.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/184566
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMI-184566