Poor understanding of neuropsychiatric disorders often results in similar diagnoses for patients with different symptoms thus reducing medication effectiveness. Early research focused on the serotonergic system, highlighting serotonin (5-HT) playing a crucial role in the development of various central nervous system diseases, including neuropsychiatric disorders. Indeed, besides its role as a neurotransmitter, 5-HT is important as a trophic factor in brain development, affecting neural circuit formation and plasticity. Brain development relies on precise timing and deviations may disrupt brain function and lead to disorders manifesting later in life. Many animal models have explored 5-HT's role in neuropsychiatric conditions, especially with genetic approaches. These models often cause permanent changes and do not capture the system's dynamic nature or time-specific disruptions, complicating the interpretation of the results. On these bases, in my Ph.D. project, we took advantage of a pharmacological approach, that involves the manipulation of the serotonergic system in rats to study the effects of its dysregulation during specific early-life stages. The main aim of this study was to examine how perinatal serotonergic manipulation affects behavior and the underlying molecular changes, as well as its potential impact on vulnerability to neuropsychiatric conditions throughout life. Specifically, we exposed pregnant dams to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine (FLX) via drinking water, during gestation (from gestational day 0 to postnatal day (PND) 0) or breastfeeding (from PND 0 to weaning at PND21). As FLX crosses the placenta and enters breast milk, the offspring were also exposed to the drug during the prenatal or the postnatal periods respectively. We first evaluated the impact of FLX on birth rate and body weight. Our results showed that prenatal-FLX exposure reduced litter sizes and offspring body weight, though recovery occurred by weaning. Differently, the effect of postnatal-FLX exposure on weight gain lasts until adulthood despite FLX exposure ending at PND21. Three behavioral tests were used to evaluate different behaviors related to neuropsychiatric symptoms. Specifically, the sucrose preference test assessed hedonic behavior, the novel object recognition test evaluated cognitive performance, and the elevated plus maze test examined anxiety-related behavior. These tests, along with molecular analyses, were performed at various ages to determine when the effects of perinatal manipulations become evident. Behavioral assessments revealed that FLX exposure timing and the animals' sex influenced pathological-like traits, with males being more vulnerable to prenatal-FLX manifesting anhedonic-like behavior in adulthood and females more sensitive to early postnatal-FLX, showing cognitive deficits when adults. Molecular analyses indicated widespread changes in the blood, in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), and in the hippocampus (Hip), including immune system and transcriptional protein alterations. In addition, we found changes related specifically to each experimental group. In particular, our results showed disrupted steroid hormone responses in males of the prenatal-FLX groups and changes in the autophagic processes in females exposed to postnatal-FLX. We further investigated whether molecular changes are detectable before the manifestation of the behavioral phenotype. Focusing specifically on males exposed to prenatal-FLX, we found that the manipulation disrupted the molecular stress response in adolescents. Indeed, we observed prenatal-FLX altered the temporal profile of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Furthermore, FLX exposure prevented the typical post-acute stress increase in Nr4a1 and Dusp1 expression in the PFC, indicating broader disruptions in stress-related systems beyond the HPA axis. In the last part of my PhD project, we explored the hypothesis that perinatal serotonergic manipulation affects brain plasticity. We focused on parvalbumin-positive (PV+) interneurons and perineuronal nets (PNNs), key regulators of sensitive periods. Our results revealed changes in PV+ cells and PNNs in the PFC and Hip during adolescence that were different based on sex, the time of exposure to FLX, and brain region. As a further step, we focused on males exposed to prenatal manipulation and we found deep differences in the expression pattern of genes involved in the opening and closure of sensitive periods, during the lifespan, in the prenatal-FLX rats and controls. Particularly, mRNA analyses suggest that the alterations observed in PV+ cells and PNNs, are associated with the effects of the perinatal serotonergic manipulation on the expression of these genes, which consequently might underlie the pathological-like behaviors observed. Overall, our findings advance the understanding of serotonin’s role in neuropsychiatric disorders and suggest potential targets for future research and treatment.
La scarsa comprensione dei disturbi neuropsichiatrici porta spesso a diagnosi simili anche tra pazienti con sintomi differenti, riducendo l'efficacia dei trattamenti farmacologici. Le prime ricerche si sono concentrate sul sistema serotoninergico, e hanno individuato la serotonina (5-HT) come fattore cruciale in diverse patologie del sistema nervoso centrale, compresi i disturbi neuropsichiatrici. Oltre al suo ruolo di neurotrasmettitore, durante le prime fasi della vita, la 5-HT è un importante fattore trofico ed è quindi coinvolta nello sviluppo cerebrale, durante cui influenza la formazione e la plasticità dei circuiti neurali. Il cervello si sviluppa seguendo tempistiche precise, e alterazioni a questo livello possono modificare le funzioni cerebrali, portando allo sviluppo di patologie che si manifestano successivamente nella vita. Numerosi modelli animali hanno esplorato il ruolo della 5-HT in ambito neuropsichiatrico, soprattutto attraverso approcci genetici. Tuttavia, questi modelli causano spesso cambiamenti permanenti e non considerano la natura dinamica del sistema né le alterazioni tempo-specifiche, complicando l'interpretazione dei risultati. Su queste basi, nel mio progetto di dottorato abbiamo adottato un approccio farmacologico, che prevede la manipolazione del sistema serotoninergico per studiare gli effetti della sua disfunzione in specifici periodi della vita. L'obiettivo principale di questo studio è stato di esaminare se e come la manipolazione serotoninergica in fasi precoci influenzi il comportamento e identificare i cambiamenti molecolari sottostanti, nonché il suo potenziale impatto sulla vulnerabilità allo sviluppo di disturbi neuropsichiatrici. In particolare, abbiamo esposto femmine gravide all'inibitore selettivo della ricaptazione della serotonina fluoxetina (FLX) dissolto nell'acqua da bere. Ci siamo concentrati sul periodo prenatale (dal giorno gestazionale 0 al giorno postnatale (PND) 0) e sul periodo postnatale (dal PND 0 allo svezzamento a PND21). Poiché la FLX attraversa la placenta e viene secreta nel latte materno, anche la prole è esposta al farmaco. Abbiamo innanzitutto valutato l'impatto della FLX sul tasso di nascita e sul peso corporeo. I nostri risultati mostrano che l'esposizione prenatale alla FLX riduce la dimensione delle cucciolate e il peso corporeo della prole, sebbene si sia osservato un recupero allo svezzamento. Diversamente, l'esposizione postnatale alla FLX induce una ridotta crescita ponderale osservata anche nell'età adulta, nonostante l'esposizione alla FLX sia terminata a PND21. Per valutare diversi comportamenti correlati a sintomi neuropsichiatrici sono stati utilizzati tre test comportamentali. In particolare, abbiamo valutato il comportamento edonico con il sucrose preference test, abbiamo esaminato la performance cognitiva tramite il novel object recognition test, e abbiamo analizzato il comportamento ansioso utilizzando l’elevated plus maze test. Questi test, insieme alle analisi molecolari, sono stati eseguiti a diverse età per determinare quando gli effetti delle manipolazioni perinatali emergessero. Le valutazioni comportamentali hanno rivelato che il periodo dell'esposizione alla FLX e il sesso degli animali influenzavano i tratti simil-patologici. Infatti, i maschi si sono dimostrati più vulnerabili all'esposizione prenatale alla FLX, manifestando comportamenti anedonici in età adulta, mentre le femmine hanno mostrato una maggiore sensibilità all'esposizione postnatale, mostrando deficit cognitivi in età adulta. Le analisi molecolari hanno rivelato che alcune alterazioni, presenti sia nel sangue che livello centrale, vengono indotte dalla manipolazione serotoninergica indipendentemente dal sesso degli animali e dal periodo di esposizione al farmaco. Tra questi abbiamo osservato cambiamenti nell’espressione di geni coinvolti nel sistema immunitario e nei processi trascrizionali, Inoltre, alcune modifiche sono specifiche per ciascun gruppo sperimentale. In particolare, i nostri risultati hanno evidenziato alterazioni a livello degli ormoni steroidei nei maschi esposti alla FLX prenatale e cambiamenti nei processi di autofagia nelle femmine esposte alla FLX postnatale. Successivamente, abbiamo indagato se alterazioni molecolari si instaurassero prima della manifestazione del fenotipo comportamentale. Per questo ci siamo concentrati sui maschi adolescenti esposti alla FLX prenatale e abbiamo riscontrato che la manipolazione altera la risposta allo stress, modificando l’attività dell'asse ipotalamo-ipofisi-surrene (HPA). Inoltre, l'esposizione alla FLX previene l’aumento, fisiologicamente indotto dallo stress acuto, dell'espressione di Nr4a1 e Dusp1 nella corteccia prefrontale (PFC), indicando perturbazioni più ampie nei sistemi correlati allo stress oltre l'asse HPA. Nell'ultima parte del mio progetto di dottorato, abbiamo esplorato l'ipotesi che la manipolazione serotoninergica perinatale influenzi la plasticità cerebrale. Ci siamo concentrati sugli interneuroni parvalbumina-positivi (PV+) e sulle reti perineuronali (PNNs), regolatori chiave dei “sensitive periods”. Abbiamo osservato cambiamenti nella densità e nell’intensità delle cellule PV+ e a livello delle PNNs nella PFC e nell’ ippocampo, che variano in base al sesso, al periodo di esposizione alla FLX e alla regione cerebrale. Successivamente, ci siamo concentrati sui maschi esposti alla manipolazione prenatale e abbiamo rilevato profonde differenze nel pattern di espressione dei geni coinvolti nell'apertura e chiusura dei “sensitive periods”. In particolare, le analisi dell'mRNA suggeriscono che le alterazioni osservate nelle cellule PV+ e nelle PNNs siano associate agli effetti sull'espressione di tali geni, che di conseguenza potrebbero essere alla base dei comportamenti simil-patologici osservati. Nel complesso, i nostri risultati contribuiscono ad una miglior comprensione del ruolo della serotonina nei disturbi neuropsichiatrici e suggeriscono potenziali target per future ricerche e per lo sviluppo di nuovi trattamenti farmacologici.
PERINATAL SEROTONERGIC MANIPULATION SHAPES LONG-TERM NEUROPSYCHIATRIC-LIKE PHENOTYPES IN RATS: MOLECULAR INSIGHTS ACROSS THE LIFESPAN.
GALLO, MARIA TERESA
2024
Abstract
Poor understanding of neuropsychiatric disorders often results in similar diagnoses for patients with different symptoms thus reducing medication effectiveness. Early research focused on the serotonergic system, highlighting serotonin (5-HT) playing a crucial role in the development of various central nervous system diseases, including neuropsychiatric disorders. Indeed, besides its role as a neurotransmitter, 5-HT is important as a trophic factor in brain development, affecting neural circuit formation and plasticity. Brain development relies on precise timing and deviations may disrupt brain function and lead to disorders manifesting later in life. Many animal models have explored 5-HT's role in neuropsychiatric conditions, especially with genetic approaches. These models often cause permanent changes and do not capture the system's dynamic nature or time-specific disruptions, complicating the interpretation of the results. On these bases, in my Ph.D. project, we took advantage of a pharmacological approach, that involves the manipulation of the serotonergic system in rats to study the effects of its dysregulation during specific early-life stages. The main aim of this study was to examine how perinatal serotonergic manipulation affects behavior and the underlying molecular changes, as well as its potential impact on vulnerability to neuropsychiatric conditions throughout life. Specifically, we exposed pregnant dams to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine (FLX) via drinking water, during gestation (from gestational day 0 to postnatal day (PND) 0) or breastfeeding (from PND 0 to weaning at PND21). As FLX crosses the placenta and enters breast milk, the offspring were also exposed to the drug during the prenatal or the postnatal periods respectively. We first evaluated the impact of FLX on birth rate and body weight. Our results showed that prenatal-FLX exposure reduced litter sizes and offspring body weight, though recovery occurred by weaning. Differently, the effect of postnatal-FLX exposure on weight gain lasts until adulthood despite FLX exposure ending at PND21. Three behavioral tests were used to evaluate different behaviors related to neuropsychiatric symptoms. Specifically, the sucrose preference test assessed hedonic behavior, the novel object recognition test evaluated cognitive performance, and the elevated plus maze test examined anxiety-related behavior. These tests, along with molecular analyses, were performed at various ages to determine when the effects of perinatal manipulations become evident. Behavioral assessments revealed that FLX exposure timing and the animals' sex influenced pathological-like traits, with males being more vulnerable to prenatal-FLX manifesting anhedonic-like behavior in adulthood and females more sensitive to early postnatal-FLX, showing cognitive deficits when adults. Molecular analyses indicated widespread changes in the blood, in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), and in the hippocampus (Hip), including immune system and transcriptional protein alterations. In addition, we found changes related specifically to each experimental group. In particular, our results showed disrupted steroid hormone responses in males of the prenatal-FLX groups and changes in the autophagic processes in females exposed to postnatal-FLX. We further investigated whether molecular changes are detectable before the manifestation of the behavioral phenotype. Focusing specifically on males exposed to prenatal-FLX, we found that the manipulation disrupted the molecular stress response in adolescents. Indeed, we observed prenatal-FLX altered the temporal profile of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Furthermore, FLX exposure prevented the typical post-acute stress increase in Nr4a1 and Dusp1 expression in the PFC, indicating broader disruptions in stress-related systems beyond the HPA axis. In the last part of my PhD project, we explored the hypothesis that perinatal serotonergic manipulation affects brain plasticity. We focused on parvalbumin-positive (PV+) interneurons and perineuronal nets (PNNs), key regulators of sensitive periods. Our results revealed changes in PV+ cells and PNNs in the PFC and Hip during adolescence that were different based on sex, the time of exposure to FLX, and brain region. As a further step, we focused on males exposed to prenatal manipulation and we found deep differences in the expression pattern of genes involved in the opening and closure of sensitive periods, during the lifespan, in the prenatal-FLX rats and controls. Particularly, mRNA analyses suggest that the alterations observed in PV+ cells and PNNs, are associated with the effects of the perinatal serotonergic manipulation on the expression of these genes, which consequently might underlie the pathological-like behaviors observed. Overall, our findings advance the understanding of serotonin’s role in neuropsychiatric disorders and suggest potential targets for future research and treatment.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/184607
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMI-184607