Helicobacter pylori colonises the gastric mucosa of at least 50 % of the world’s human population, causing a variety of gastric diseases, including chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer. Gastric cancer is the fifth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. It is estimated that approximately 90 % of gastric cancers can be attributed to infection with H. pylori. The ability of the bacterium to colonise and to induce inflammation and immune cell recruitment, is achieved through a combination of virulence factors. Firstly, the present study undertook an in-depth investigation of the host response to two distinct H. pylori strains, the cagA-positive 26695 strain and a cagA-negative clinical one, in non-tumoral human gastric epithelial cells (GES-1) in comparison with the widely used AGS cells derived from a stomach tumour. The expression of several pro-inflammatory genes, the release of major inflammatory mediators (IL-8 and IL-6), and the involvement of the transcription factor NF-kB induced in both gastric epithelial cells by H. pylori were studied, underlying the dissimilar inflammatory response in both cell lines due to the different virulence of the bacteria. Along with an analysis of transcriptome, GES-1 cell line appeared to be a more responsive cellular model for gastric inflammation, and the study provided new insights into the molecular pathways modulated by H. pylori in GES-1 cells, thereby identifying promising new targets for the pharmacological therapy. Beside the conventional pharmacological treatment of H. pylori infection based on bacterial eradication, natural compounds, including ellagitannins (ETs), could function as an adjuvant to existing therapies, potentially mitigating the consequences of H. pylori infection by impairing bacterial adhesion and subsequent gastric inflammation. This approach may limit the antibiotic resistance and minimize the side effects associated with the therapy. Secondly, this study considers novel strategies for the control of H. pylori-related gastritis based on natural products. Therefore, extracts containing ETs from the Genus Castanea, Punica, and Fragaria, along with their pure ETs, including castalagin, vescalagin, agrimoniin, casuarictin, punicalagin, and punicalin, exhibited anti-inflammatory properties during H. pylori infection. They all inhibited the release of IL-8 by infected GES-1 cells (IC50 inhibition range of 10-50 μg/mL and around 10 μM for extracts and ETs, respectively), at least in part due to the impairment of NF-κB signalling. Moreover, they exhibited antibacterial activity (MIC value approximately 100 μg/mL and 25 μM for the extracts and ETs, respectively). Based on these results, castalagin, which exhibited comparable activities to the other pure ETs, was selected as a reference for further investigation to gain insight into the activity of this class of molecule in H. pylori context. At the transcriptional level, the selected ellagitannin, castalagin, was observed to downregulate genes involved in inflammatory pathways (e.g. NF-κB and AP-1), thereby confirming the anti-inflammatory properties of this compound during H. pylori infection. The anti-bacterial and the anti-inflammatory properties of the Castanea sativa Mill. leaf extract (100 μg/mL) and castalagin (25 μM), were also confirmed in an innovative H. pylori-murine gastric organoids model, which most closely mimics the physiology of entire organ. Both extract and molecule inhibited genes involved in NF-κB pathway, including CXCL1, CXCL10, and CCL2. Furthermore, the extract (500 mg/kg, and 100 mg/kg) and castalagin (25 mg/kg) were observed to strongly inhibit H. pylori colonization and inflammation in mice, and to impact immune cells, especially monocytes and neutrophils, induced by the activation of NF-κB pathway during infection. The results of this project contribute to the existing body of knowledge regarding the diverse outcomes of H. pylori infection and suggest the potential for new pharmacological natural products in the prevention and/or treatment of gastritis induced by H. pylori.
Helicobacter pylori è un batterio Gram negativo che colonizza la mucosa gastrica di circa il 50 % della popolazione mondiale. È ritenuto agente scatenante di varie patologie gastriche, dalla gastrite cronica all’ulcera peptica, ed è strettamente correlato all’insorgenza di cancro gastrico. La capacità del batterio di colonizzare la mucosa dello stomaco, di indurre infiammazione e di promuovere il reclutamento di cellule immunitarie è ottenuta grazie alla combinazione di fattori di virulenza con i quali il batterio si protegge dall’acidità gastrica creando un ambiente di crescita dove iniziare a scatenare una risposta infiammatoria. Questo lavoro di tesi, in primo luogo, ha valutato la risposta dell’ospite in seguito all’infezione di H. pylori, andando a confrontare questa risposta in un modello cellulare di epitelio gastrico umano non tumorale (GES-1) rispetto alla linea cellulare AGS derivata da un tumore dello stomaco, linea ampiamente utilizzata in letteratura per studiare patologie gastriche. Entrambe le linee cellulari sono state sottoposte all’infezione di due diversi ceppi di H. pylori, uno cagA-positivo (utilizzando il ceppo 26695) e un ceppo clinico cagA-negativo, e sono poi stati studiati l'espressione di diversi geni pro- infiammatori, il rilascio dei principali mediatori infiammatori (tra cui, IL-8 e IL-6) e il coinvolgimento del fattore di trascrizione NF-kB da parte delle cellule epiteliali gastriche in seguito a infezione, sottolineando la diversa risposta infiammatoria scatenata nelle due linee cellulari dovuta alla diversa virulenza dei due batteri. Insieme a un’approfondita analisi del trascrittoma, i risultati hanno evidenziato essere le GES-1 un modello cellulare di epitelio gastrico più responsivo all'infiammazione gastrica, fornendo nuove conoscenze sulle vie molecolari modulate da H. pylori nella stessa linea cellulare, e identificando così nuovi potenziali bersagli per la terapia farmacologica. Il trattamento farmacologico dell’infezione di H. pylori è basato sull'eradicazione batterica. Accanto a questo, composti naturali, tra cui gli ellagitannini (ET), potrebbero aiutare nel ridurre le conseguenze dell'infezione e migliorare gli effetti collaterali dovuti alla terapia, tra cui l’emergente antibiotico resistenza. L’intenzione è stata dunque quella di valutare il potenziale uso di estratti di origine naturale contenenti ET e di ET puri nella terapia di eradicazione di H. pylori andando ad analizzare l'inibizione del processo di adesione batterica e la conseguente infiammazione gastrica. In secondo luogo, sono quindi state prese in considerazione tre fonti naturali di ET provenienti dal genere Castanea, Punica e Fragaria, insieme ai loro ET puri, tra cui castalagina, vescalagina, agrimoniina, casuarictina, punicalagina e punicalina, i quali sono risultati possedere un’attività antinfiammatoria in risposta all’infezione di H. pylori, inibendo il rilascio di IL-8 da parte delle cellule gastriche GES-1 (range di IC50 : 10-50 μM), inibizione in parte dovuta al coinvolgimento del fattore di trascrizione NF-κB. Inoltre, estratti e molecole pure hanno mostrato possedere un’attività antibatterica con valori di MIC intorno a 25 μM. A livello trascrizionale, dopo aver selezionato l’ellagitannino castalagina come rappresentante dell’intera classe di ET, si è confermata l’attività antinfiammatoria evidenziando, in seguito al trattamento con la moelcola, una riduzione dell’espressione di geni infiammatori coinvolti nei meccanismi scatenati dall’attivazione di NF-κB e AP-1. Le proprietà antibatteriche e antinfiammatorie dell'estratto di foglie di Castanea sativa Mill. (100 μg/mL) e della castalagina (25 μM) sono state confermate anche in un modello innovativo di organoidi gastrici murini infettati da H. pylori, un modello che mima maggiormente la fisiologia dello stomaco rispetto alle linee cellulari. Entrambi sono risultati in grado di inibire l’espressione di geni coinvolti nel meccanismo di NF-κB, tra cui CXCL1, CXCL10, and CCL2. Infine, l'estratto (500 mg/kg e 100 mg/kg) e la castalagina (25 mg/kg) sono risultati in grado di inibire la colonizzazione di H. pylori e l'infiammazione indotta in un modello in vivo, e di ridurre il reclutamento di cellule immunitarie, specialmente monociti e neutrofili, indotte dall’attivazione della via NF-κB durante l’infezione. I risultati di questo progetto contribuiscono alla conoscenza dei diversi esiti dell'infezione da H. pylori e suggeriscono l’uso potenziale di nuovi prodotti naturali nella prevenzione e/o nel trattamento della gastrite indotta da H. pylori.
NATURAL SOURCES OF ELLAGITANNINS TO COUNTERACT H. PYLORI INFECTION
MARTINELLI, GIULIA
2024
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori colonises the gastric mucosa of at least 50 % of the world’s human population, causing a variety of gastric diseases, including chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer. Gastric cancer is the fifth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. It is estimated that approximately 90 % of gastric cancers can be attributed to infection with H. pylori. The ability of the bacterium to colonise and to induce inflammation and immune cell recruitment, is achieved through a combination of virulence factors. Firstly, the present study undertook an in-depth investigation of the host response to two distinct H. pylori strains, the cagA-positive 26695 strain and a cagA-negative clinical one, in non-tumoral human gastric epithelial cells (GES-1) in comparison with the widely used AGS cells derived from a stomach tumour. The expression of several pro-inflammatory genes, the release of major inflammatory mediators (IL-8 and IL-6), and the involvement of the transcription factor NF-kB induced in both gastric epithelial cells by H. pylori were studied, underlying the dissimilar inflammatory response in both cell lines due to the different virulence of the bacteria. Along with an analysis of transcriptome, GES-1 cell line appeared to be a more responsive cellular model for gastric inflammation, and the study provided new insights into the molecular pathways modulated by H. pylori in GES-1 cells, thereby identifying promising new targets for the pharmacological therapy. Beside the conventional pharmacological treatment of H. pylori infection based on bacterial eradication, natural compounds, including ellagitannins (ETs), could function as an adjuvant to existing therapies, potentially mitigating the consequences of H. pylori infection by impairing bacterial adhesion and subsequent gastric inflammation. This approach may limit the antibiotic resistance and minimize the side effects associated with the therapy. Secondly, this study considers novel strategies for the control of H. pylori-related gastritis based on natural products. Therefore, extracts containing ETs from the Genus Castanea, Punica, and Fragaria, along with their pure ETs, including castalagin, vescalagin, agrimoniin, casuarictin, punicalagin, and punicalin, exhibited anti-inflammatory properties during H. pylori infection. They all inhibited the release of IL-8 by infected GES-1 cells (IC50 inhibition range of 10-50 μg/mL and around 10 μM for extracts and ETs, respectively), at least in part due to the impairment of NF-κB signalling. Moreover, they exhibited antibacterial activity (MIC value approximately 100 μg/mL and 25 μM for the extracts and ETs, respectively). Based on these results, castalagin, which exhibited comparable activities to the other pure ETs, was selected as a reference for further investigation to gain insight into the activity of this class of molecule in H. pylori context. At the transcriptional level, the selected ellagitannin, castalagin, was observed to downregulate genes involved in inflammatory pathways (e.g. NF-κB and AP-1), thereby confirming the anti-inflammatory properties of this compound during H. pylori infection. The anti-bacterial and the anti-inflammatory properties of the Castanea sativa Mill. leaf extract (100 μg/mL) and castalagin (25 μM), were also confirmed in an innovative H. pylori-murine gastric organoids model, which most closely mimics the physiology of entire organ. Both extract and molecule inhibited genes involved in NF-κB pathway, including CXCL1, CXCL10, and CCL2. Furthermore, the extract (500 mg/kg, and 100 mg/kg) and castalagin (25 mg/kg) were observed to strongly inhibit H. pylori colonization and inflammation in mice, and to impact immune cells, especially monocytes and neutrophils, induced by the activation of NF-κB pathway during infection. The results of this project contribute to the existing body of knowledge regarding the diverse outcomes of H. pylori infection and suggest the potential for new pharmacological natural products in the prevention and/or treatment of gastritis induced by H. pylori.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/184612
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMI-184612