In the current global context, environmental challenges are increasingly drawing attention to the impacts caused by fossil fuel-powered vehicles. Among these, self-propelled agricultural machines, which are predominantly equipped with diesel internal combustion engines, play a significant role. Diesel combustion produces various gaseous pollutants that are released into the atmosphere, including carbon monoxide (CO), unburnt hydrocarbons (HC) and, most notably, particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). To mitigate the impact of these emissions, regulatory frameworks similar to the Euro standards for on-road vehicles were introduced also for non-road vehicles, including agricultural machinery, starting in 1996 in both Europe and the United States. These regulations have progressively imposed stricter limits on emissions for newly introduced vehicles. As a result, manufacturers of internal combustion engines fitted on self-propelled agricultural machines have been compelled to implement technical improvements and/or additional devices to minimize pollutant emissions and comply with regulatory thresholds. The primary aim of this study is to assess the performance of a number of selected tractor models, representative of the Italian machinery fleet, in terms of energy efficiency and gaseous pollutant emissions. Experimental data were compared against current emission regulations, including also comparative assessments with older tractors that are not subject to these standards due to their technical obsolescence. The methodological approach involved analysing specific fuel consumption (i.e. energy efficiency) and the concentration of key pollutants in exhaust emissions, taking into account the actual operating conditions of the tractors within the agricultural sectors in which they are typically employed. This approach enabled the calculation of the true efficiency of the machines under investigation, providing a comprehensive overview of their sustainability in use. The experimental framework of this study is built upon three key pillars. First pillar The first pillar of this study focused on the comparative assessment of the energy efficiency of four tractors employed in performing ten agricultural tasks within the viticulture sector. For each task, the nominal and under-load engine speeds, torque, and power output at the PTO were identified, along with hourly fuel consumption. These values were then normalized by specific power to calculate specific fuel consumption. To highlight the efficiency level of the tasks, the data obtained were classified using a "traffic light" system. The specific fuel consumption of the tractors varies depending on both the model analysed for a given task and the operating conditions of the same tractor. To facilitate a more immediate comparison of the energy efficiency and environmental impact of the tested machines, colour labels, assigned based on defined ranges of specific fuel consumption (SFC) values, were further classified into categories (ranging from A to G), providing a standardized evaluation. Second pillar The second pillar involved the preliminary definition of operational scenarios for various agricultural sectors. Each sector was associated with a specific tractor model, with detailed specifications of its working conditions. This approach enabled a comprehensive and realistic assessment of the environmental impact of each tractor under investigation. Thanks to targeted simulations of real working conditions operated at fixed-point, pollutant gas emissions were measured and subsequently compared with the limits established by relevant regulations, adopting a color code to evaluate the emissions impact at a glance. For each task, the duration and frequency of execution on an annual basis and for an average-sized farm were estimated to determine the overall impact of a specific tractor. The obtained values enabled the calculation of emissions for each agricultural sector throughout the entire growing season, allowing for a comparative assessment that considers the overall environmental impact. Third pillar Gaseous pollutant emissions have long been recognized as harmful not only to the environment but also to human health. The third pillar of this study focused on analysing the acute and chronic effects of exposure to these emissions, drawing on evidence from medical literature, particularly regarding workers who are continuously exposed to exhaust fumes from internal combustion engines in a professional setting. The most commonly reported health issues include respiratory, pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases. Recent research, however, has suggested a possible link between exposure to certain pollutants and the onset of neurodegenerative disorders. The technical legislation in this area is at present significantly lacking, with no robust current regulations available to identify potentially harmful operating conditions.
Nel contesto globale attuale, le problematiche ambientali stanno richiamando sempre più attenzione sugli effetti negativi causati dai veicoli alimentati con combustibili fossili. Tra questi, le macchine agricole semoventi – cioè i veicoli agricoli con motori diesel – hanno un impatto rilevante. La combustione del diesel produce diversi inquinanti che vengono rilasciati nell’aria, come monossido di carbonio (CO), idrocarburi incombusti (HC) e, in particolare, particolato (PM) e ossidi di azoto (NOx). Per ridurre queste emissioni, dal 1996 sia in Europa che negli Stati Uniti sono state introdotte normative simili agli standard Euro (applicati ai veicoli su strada), che fissano limiti sulle emissioni anche per i veicoli agricoli. Questi regolamenti hanno via via imposto limiti sempre più stringenti per i nuovi mezzi agricoli prodotti. Di conseguenza, i produttori di motori diesel per macchine agricole sono stati spinti a introdurre miglioramenti tecnici e aggiungere dispositivi specifici per ridurre gli inquinanti e rispettare i limiti imposti dalle normative. L’obiettivo principale di questo studio è valutare le prestazioni di alcuni modelli di trattori selezionati, rappresentativi del parco macchine italiano, in termini di efficienza energetica ed emissioni di inquinanti gassosi. I dati sperimentali sono stati confrontati con le normative attuali sulle emissioni, includendo anche valutazioni comparative con trattori di vecchia data non soggetti a tali normative a causa della loro obsolescenza tecnica. L’approccio metodologico ha previsto l'analisi del consumo specifico di combustibile (ovvero l’efficienza energetica) e della concentrazione dei principali inquinanti nei gas di scarico, prendendo in considerazione le reali condizioni operative dei trattori nei settori agricoli in cui sono maggiormente impiegati. Questo approccio ha permesso di calcolare l’effettiva efficienza delle macchine esaminate, fornendo una panoramica completa della loro sostenibilità in uso. Il quadro sperimentale di questo studio si basa su tre pilastri fondamentali. Primo pilastro Il primo pilastro di questo studio si è concentrato sulla valutazione comparativa dell’efficienza energetica di quattro trattori impiegati in dieci operazioni agricole nel settore vitivinicolo. Per ogni operazione sono stati rilevati i regimi motore nominali e sotto carico, la coppia e la potenza all’albero di trasmissione (PTO), insieme al consumo orario di combustibile. Questi valori sono stati poi normalizzati in base alla potenza specifica per calcolare il consumo specifico di combustibile. Per evidenziare il livello di efficienza delle operazioni, i dati ottenuti sono stati classificati utilizzando una logica a “semaforo.” Il consumo specifico di combustibile dei trattori varia sia in base al modello analizzato per una determinata attività, sia in funzione delle condizioni operative dello stesso trattore. Per rendere immediato il confronto per l’efficienza energetica e l’impatto ambientale delle macchine testate, sono state applicate etichette colorate(logica a “semaforo”). Queste etichette, basate su intervalli predefiniti di valori di consumo specifico di combustibile (SFC), classificano le macchine in categorie standardizzate dalla A alla G. Questa suddivisione facilita una valutazione comparabile e intuitiva delle prestazioni ambientali ed energetiche. Secondo pilastro Il secondo pilastro ha riguardato la definizione preliminare degli scenari operativi per vari settori agricoli. A ciascun settore è stato associato un modello specifico di trattore, con una descrizione dettagliata delle sue condizioni di lavoro. Questo approccio ha permesso una valutazione approfondita e realistica dell’impatto ambientale di ciascun trattore oggetto di studio. Grazie a simulazioni mirate delle condizioni reali di lavoro effettuate a punto fisso, le emissioni di gas inquinanti sono state misurate e successivamente confrontate con i limiti stabiliti dalle normative vigenti, adottando un codice colore per valutare l'impatto delle emissioni in modo immediato. Per ciascuna operazione colturale prevista, sono stati stimati la durata e la frequenza di esecuzione su base annua, per un’azienda agricola di dimensioni medie, al fine di determinare l’impatto complessivo di uno specifico trattore. I valori ottenuti hanno permesso di calcolare le emissioni per ciascun settore agricolo lungo l'intera stagione di crescita, consentendo una valutazione comparativa che considera l'impatto ambientale complessivo. Terzo pilastro Le emissioni di gas inquinanti sono da tempo riconosciute come dannose non solo per l'ambiente, ma anche per la salute umana. Il terzo pilastro di questo studio ha posto l’accento sull’analisi degli effetti acuti e cronici dell’esposizione a tali emissioni, attingendo a evidenze presenti nella letteratura medica, in particolare per quanto riguarda i lavoratori esposti continuativamente ai fumi di scarico dei motori a combustione interna in ambito professionale. Le problematiche di salute più comunemente riportate includono malattie respiratorie, polmonari e cardiovascolari. Tuttavia, ricerche recenti hanno suggerito un possibile legame tra l’esposizione a determinati inquinanti e l’insorgenza di disturbi neurodegenerativi. Le normative tecniche in questo settore risultano al momento significativamente carenti, senza disposizioni regolamentari efficaci per identificare condizioni operative potenzialmente dannose.
SUSTAINABILITY OF AGRICULTURAL TRACTORS USAGE IN OPEN FIELD AND IN SPECIALIZED CROPS, FROM THE PERFORMANCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL STANDPOINTS
GALLI, LAVINIA ELEONORA
2024
Abstract
In the current global context, environmental challenges are increasingly drawing attention to the impacts caused by fossil fuel-powered vehicles. Among these, self-propelled agricultural machines, which are predominantly equipped with diesel internal combustion engines, play a significant role. Diesel combustion produces various gaseous pollutants that are released into the atmosphere, including carbon monoxide (CO), unburnt hydrocarbons (HC) and, most notably, particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). To mitigate the impact of these emissions, regulatory frameworks similar to the Euro standards for on-road vehicles were introduced also for non-road vehicles, including agricultural machinery, starting in 1996 in both Europe and the United States. These regulations have progressively imposed stricter limits on emissions for newly introduced vehicles. As a result, manufacturers of internal combustion engines fitted on self-propelled agricultural machines have been compelled to implement technical improvements and/or additional devices to minimize pollutant emissions and comply with regulatory thresholds. The primary aim of this study is to assess the performance of a number of selected tractor models, representative of the Italian machinery fleet, in terms of energy efficiency and gaseous pollutant emissions. Experimental data were compared against current emission regulations, including also comparative assessments with older tractors that are not subject to these standards due to their technical obsolescence. The methodological approach involved analysing specific fuel consumption (i.e. energy efficiency) and the concentration of key pollutants in exhaust emissions, taking into account the actual operating conditions of the tractors within the agricultural sectors in which they are typically employed. This approach enabled the calculation of the true efficiency of the machines under investigation, providing a comprehensive overview of their sustainability in use. The experimental framework of this study is built upon three key pillars. First pillar The first pillar of this study focused on the comparative assessment of the energy efficiency of four tractors employed in performing ten agricultural tasks within the viticulture sector. For each task, the nominal and under-load engine speeds, torque, and power output at the PTO were identified, along with hourly fuel consumption. These values were then normalized by specific power to calculate specific fuel consumption. To highlight the efficiency level of the tasks, the data obtained were classified using a "traffic light" system. The specific fuel consumption of the tractors varies depending on both the model analysed for a given task and the operating conditions of the same tractor. To facilitate a more immediate comparison of the energy efficiency and environmental impact of the tested machines, colour labels, assigned based on defined ranges of specific fuel consumption (SFC) values, were further classified into categories (ranging from A to G), providing a standardized evaluation. Second pillar The second pillar involved the preliminary definition of operational scenarios for various agricultural sectors. Each sector was associated with a specific tractor model, with detailed specifications of its working conditions. This approach enabled a comprehensive and realistic assessment of the environmental impact of each tractor under investigation. Thanks to targeted simulations of real working conditions operated at fixed-point, pollutant gas emissions were measured and subsequently compared with the limits established by relevant regulations, adopting a color code to evaluate the emissions impact at a glance. For each task, the duration and frequency of execution on an annual basis and for an average-sized farm were estimated to determine the overall impact of a specific tractor. The obtained values enabled the calculation of emissions for each agricultural sector throughout the entire growing season, allowing for a comparative assessment that considers the overall environmental impact. Third pillar Gaseous pollutant emissions have long been recognized as harmful not only to the environment but also to human health. The third pillar of this study focused on analysing the acute and chronic effects of exposure to these emissions, drawing on evidence from medical literature, particularly regarding workers who are continuously exposed to exhaust fumes from internal combustion engines in a professional setting. The most commonly reported health issues include respiratory, pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases. Recent research, however, has suggested a possible link between exposure to certain pollutants and the onset of neurodegenerative disorders. The technical legislation in this area is at present significantly lacking, with no robust current regulations available to identify potentially harmful operating conditions.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/184615
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMI-184615