Breathing is a complex physiological activity, arising from neurons located in specific sites in the brainstem, such as the pre-Bötzinger complex, and being modulated by supratentorial subcortical and cortical structures. Breathing can be disrupted by pathological neurological conditions, such as seizures. Ictal respiratory changes comprise central or obstructive apnea, tachypnea, bradypnea, hypoventilation, and hypoxemia. Ictal central apnea (ICA) has been widely described in association with both generalized tonic-clonic seizures and focal seizures, especially of temporal origin. Multicentric studies have reported that ICA occurs in 36%–40% of focal seizures. Longer ICA duration typically produces hypoxemia, being observed in 33-41 % of cases. In the last decades, there has been a growing amount of literature investigating the pathophysiological mechanisms of this ictal phenomenon through experimental animal models, clinical and neurophysiological studies in humans, and more recently, advanced neuroimaging techniques. Data suggesting a functional connection between the amygdala and the neural respiratory networks in the brainstem derive from experimental studies conducted on animals. In humans, evidence of the relevance of the limbic network in the respiratory network can be found in electroclinical and invasive neurophysiological studies carried out for surgical purposes. More recently, researchers' attention has focused on the role of the amygdala in generating the seizure-related central apneic response. As demonstrated by studies that utilized stereo-EEG combined with video-EEG and cardiorespiratory polygraphy, both the primary and secondary involvement of the amygdala, especially of the basolateral complex, throughout the epileptic discharge, were strongly associated with ICA. Moreover, the study of peri-ictal respiratory disturbances has gained more attention, mainly in relation to factors associated with increased risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP), which is the leading cause of death among people with epilepsy (PWE). The presence of peri-ictal respiratory symptoms was recently included among factors contributing to a higher risk of SUDEP in a novel score named SUDEP-CARE. Aims of this doctoral thesis are 1) to characterize the electroclinical phenotype of patients with ictal apnea with the aid of long-term monitoring video-EEG combined with cardiorespiratory polygraphy and 2) to identify valuable neuroimaging biomarkers of ICA by means of brain morphometry. This thesis is articulated into two main sections: the former focuses on the epidemiology and electroclinical characterization of ictal apnea in PWE, while the latter shows the findings of advanced neuroimaging techniques, specifically brain morphometry, applied to the study of amygdala in temporal lobe epilepsy and in patients with ICA. Specifically, three studies are presented. Our first study evaluated the incidence of ictal apnea and related hypoxemia in consecutive patients who underwent long-term video-EEG monitoring with extensive respiratory polygraphy in the epilepsy monitoring unit. A second study focused on the role of the amygdala and its nuclei in different types of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) in hippocampal sclerosis and non-lesional TLE, to explore the different features of amygdala substructures, and map specific amygdala nuclei structural changes in the two groups of patients. Finally, we explored the role of the amygdala and its substructures in patients with focal epilepsy and ICA by means of brain morphometry. Our future research will be aimed to explore more accurately the correlation between ICA and SUDEP risk in order to identify patients at higher risk of fatal outcome and to find proper treatment strategy.
La respirazione è un'attività fisiologica complessa, che origina da neuroni situati in specifici siti del tronco encefalico, come il complesso pre-Bötzinger, è modulata da strutture corticali e sottocorticali e può essere alterata da condizioni neurologiche patologiche, come le crisi epilettiche. Le modificazioni respiratorie ictali includono: apnea centrale o ostruttiva, tachipnea, bradipnea, ipoventilazione e ipossiemia. L'apnea centrale ictale (ICA) è stata ampiamente descritta in associazione sia a crisi generalizzate tonico-cloniche che focali, in particolare di origine temporale. Studi multicentrici hanno riportato che l'ICA si verifica nel 36%-40% delle crisi focali. Una durata più lunga dell'ICA può produrre ipossiemia, osservata nel 33-41% dei casi. Negli ultimi decenni, un crescente numero di studi ha indagato i meccanismi fisiopatologici dell’ICA con l’utilizzo di modelli animali sperimentali, studi clinici e neurofisiologici nell'uomo e, più recentemente, tecniche avanzate di neuroimaging. Dati di letteratura derivanti da studi sperimentali condotti sugli animali, suggeriscono un collegamento tra l'amigdala e le reti neurali respiratorie nel tronco encefalico. A tal proposito, nell’uomo si possono ritrovare prove della rilevanza del network limbico in studi elettroclinici e neurofisiologici invasivi in pazienti candidati alla chirurgia dell’epilessia. Più recentemente, l'attenzione dei ricercatori si è concentrata sul ruolo dell'amigdala nella generazione della risposta apneica centrale associata alla crisi. Come dimostrato da studi che hanno utilizzato stereo-EEG combinato con video-EEG e poligrafia cardiorespiratoria, il coinvolgimento ictale dell’amigdala, in particolare del complesso basolaterale, sia primario che secondario, è fortemente associato all'ICA. Inoltre, lo studio delle alterazioni respiratorie peri-ictali ha guadagnato maggiore attenzione, principalmente in relazione al rischio di SUDEP (“sudden unexpected death in epilepsy”), che è la principale causa di morte tra le persone con epilessia. La presenza di sintomi respiratori peri-ictali è stata recentemente inclusa tra i fattori che contribuiscono a un rischio maggiore di SUDEP in un nuovo punteggio chiamato SUDEP-CARE. Gli obiettivi di questa tesi sono: 1) caratterizzare il fenotipo elettroclinico dei pazienti con apnea ictale tramite monitoraggio video-EEG a lungo termine combinato con poligrafia cardiorespiratoria e 2) identificare biomarcatori di neuroimaging dell'ICA mediante tecniche di morfometria cerebrale. Questa tesi è articolata in due sezioni principali: la prima si concentra sull'epidemiologia e sulla caratterizzazione elettroclinica dell'apnea ictale, mentre la seconda presenta è incentrata sulle tecniche avanzate di neuroimaging, in particolare di morfometria cerebrale, applicata allo studio dell'amigdala nell'epilessia del lobo temporale e nei pazienti con ICA. In particolare, sono presentati tre studi. Il nostro primo studio ha valutato l'incidenza dell'apnea ictale e dell'ipossiemia correlata in pazienti sottoposti a monitoraggio video-EEG a lungo termine con poligrafia respiratoria. Un secondo studio è focalizzato sul ruolo dell'amigdala e dei suoi nuclei nell’epilessia del lobo temporale (TLE), associata a sclerosi ippocampale o in assenza di alterazioni strutturali, per esplorare le diverse caratteristiche delle sottostrutture dell’amigdala nei due gruppi di pazienti. Infine, abbiamo indagato il ruolo dell'amigdala e delle sue sottostrutture nei pazienti con epilessia focale e ICA mediante morfometria cerebrale. Le nostre future ricerche saranno rivolte a esplorare più accuratamente la correlazione tra ICA e rischio di SUDEP, al fine di identificare pazienti a maggior rischio e trovare strategie di trattamento appropriate.
Approccio multidisciplinare nello studio dell’apnea ictale nell’epilessia focale: dalla neurofisiologia alla morfometria cerebrale
MICALIZZI, ELISA
2025
Abstract
Breathing is a complex physiological activity, arising from neurons located in specific sites in the brainstem, such as the pre-Bötzinger complex, and being modulated by supratentorial subcortical and cortical structures. Breathing can be disrupted by pathological neurological conditions, such as seizures. Ictal respiratory changes comprise central or obstructive apnea, tachypnea, bradypnea, hypoventilation, and hypoxemia. Ictal central apnea (ICA) has been widely described in association with both generalized tonic-clonic seizures and focal seizures, especially of temporal origin. Multicentric studies have reported that ICA occurs in 36%–40% of focal seizures. Longer ICA duration typically produces hypoxemia, being observed in 33-41 % of cases. In the last decades, there has been a growing amount of literature investigating the pathophysiological mechanisms of this ictal phenomenon through experimental animal models, clinical and neurophysiological studies in humans, and more recently, advanced neuroimaging techniques. Data suggesting a functional connection between the amygdala and the neural respiratory networks in the brainstem derive from experimental studies conducted on animals. In humans, evidence of the relevance of the limbic network in the respiratory network can be found in electroclinical and invasive neurophysiological studies carried out for surgical purposes. More recently, researchers' attention has focused on the role of the amygdala in generating the seizure-related central apneic response. As demonstrated by studies that utilized stereo-EEG combined with video-EEG and cardiorespiratory polygraphy, both the primary and secondary involvement of the amygdala, especially of the basolateral complex, throughout the epileptic discharge, were strongly associated with ICA. Moreover, the study of peri-ictal respiratory disturbances has gained more attention, mainly in relation to factors associated with increased risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP), which is the leading cause of death among people with epilepsy (PWE). The presence of peri-ictal respiratory symptoms was recently included among factors contributing to a higher risk of SUDEP in a novel score named SUDEP-CARE. Aims of this doctoral thesis are 1) to characterize the electroclinical phenotype of patients with ictal apnea with the aid of long-term monitoring video-EEG combined with cardiorespiratory polygraphy and 2) to identify valuable neuroimaging biomarkers of ICA by means of brain morphometry. This thesis is articulated into two main sections: the former focuses on the epidemiology and electroclinical characterization of ictal apnea in PWE, while the latter shows the findings of advanced neuroimaging techniques, specifically brain morphometry, applied to the study of amygdala in temporal lobe epilepsy and in patients with ICA. Specifically, three studies are presented. Our first study evaluated the incidence of ictal apnea and related hypoxemia in consecutive patients who underwent long-term video-EEG monitoring with extensive respiratory polygraphy in the epilepsy monitoring unit. A second study focused on the role of the amygdala and its nuclei in different types of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) in hippocampal sclerosis and non-lesional TLE, to explore the different features of amygdala substructures, and map specific amygdala nuclei structural changes in the two groups of patients. Finally, we explored the role of the amygdala and its substructures in patients with focal epilepsy and ICA by means of brain morphometry. Our future research will be aimed to explore more accurately the correlation between ICA and SUDEP risk in order to identify patients at higher risk of fatal outcome and to find proper treatment strategy.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/188858
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMORE-188858