In the context of contemporary minimally invasive dentistry, among other strategies, ozone applications have been suggested for the management of carious lesions, being expected to counteract cariogenic biofilm and promote hard tissue remineralization, thereby arresting or reversing the progression of dental caries. The biological mechanisms underlying the molecular effects of ozone have been increasingly researched, but remain currently largely unknown and, despite its multiple beneficial properties, oxygen-ozone therapy (OOT) is still controversial in the dental community. The general purpose of this thesis was thus to analyze the current knowledge, research gaps and limitations regarding the applications of OOT in dentistry and to evaluate the interaction of ozone with dental tissues and bioactive restorative materials. First, we conducted a comprehensive review of the literature regarding the biological mechanisms involved in the interaction of ozone with dental tissues. A variety of biological mechanisms, acting through multiple biochemical target pathways, appear to be responsible for the therapeutic effects of ozone in the oral and dental environment. These include antimicrobial action, immunomodulatory and biostimulatory effects, and direct modification of hard dental tissues. However, these mechanisms are complex and not yet fully understood. The development of in vitro experimental models using modern technologies may help to overcome the limitations of current research designs. Second, we comprehensively reviewed the most recent clinical evidence on ozone applications in different fields of dentistry, focusing on the protocols and formulations used, as well as possible associated issues or adverse effects. Although inconclusive, current evidence suggests that OOT (used as gaseous ozone, ozonized water, and ozone derivatives such as oils, gels or antiseptics) may offer some benefits as an adjunctive or alternative treatment in certain clinical conditions, with very limited adverse effects. However, a large methodological heterogeneity was found, which currently prevents meaningful comparisons between different protocols and highlights the general need to standardize the reporting methodology of OOT. Thirdly, we aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the effectiveness of ozone applications for the management of caries of primary dentition. Again, we found great heterogeneity in designs, outcomes and protocols, which ultimately prevented us from performing a meta-analysis. Despite these limitations and the generally limited quality of the studies, the evidence obtained suggests that ozone application may be a valid non-invasive approach to treat caries in primary dentition, especially in very young and poorly cooperative patients. Finally, we evaluated in vitro the influence of different ozone formulations on the shear bond strength to enamel and dentin of two restorative materials with bioactive, hydrophilic and self-adhesive properties. The surface characteristics resulting from any treatment of dental tissue may influence the quality of the adhesive bond with restorative materials, but specific knowledge of the interaction between ozone, dental substrate and bioactive materials is currently very limited and controversial. Within the limitations of this study, we found that ozone, regardless of the formulation used, did not negatively affect the shear bond strength of both materials to enamel and dentin substrate, with overall better performance for the most recently commercialised material. Overall, the data obtained in this thesis warrant further in vitro investigation to identify the most appropriate and synergistic OOT protocols to be subsequently tested and implemented in clinical practice.
L’applicazione di ozono è stata proposta nel contesto della moderna odontoiatria minimamente invasiva come strategia in grado di contrastare il biofilm cariogeno e promuovere la remineralizzazione dei tessuti duri, arrestando così la progressione della carie. I meccanismi biologici alla base degli effetti dell’ossigeno-ozono terapia (OOT) rimangono tuttavia in gran parte sconosciuti e, nonostante i molteplici effetti benefici e la crescente attenzione scientifica, l’OOT risulta una pratica ancora controversa nella comunità odontoiatrica. Scopo generale di questa tesi è pertanto quello di analizzare le conoscenze disponibili, le lacune e le limitazioni riguardanti l’applicazione dell’OOT in odontoiatria e la sua interazione con i tessuti dentali e i materiali da restauro bioattivi. In primo luogo, abbiamo condotto un’approfondita revisione della letteratura sui meccanismi biologici coinvolti nell'interazione dell'ozono con i tessuti dentali. Gli effetti terapeutici dell’ozono nell'ambiente orale e dentale sembrano derivare da una varietà di meccanismi biologici complessi e non ancora completamente compresi, che includono un’azione antimicrobica, effetti immunomodulatori e biostimolanti, e modifica diretta dei tessuti dentali duri. Lo sviluppo di modelli sperimentali in vitro tramite l’utilizzo di moderne tecnologie potrebbe contribuire a superare le limitazioni degli attuali disegni di ricerca. In secondo luogo, abbiamo esaminato le più recenti evidenze cliniche sulle applicazioni dell'OOT in diversi campi dell'odontoiatria, concentrandoci sui protocolli e sulle formulazioni utilizzate, nonché sui possibili problemi o effetti avversi associati. Sebbene non dirimenti, le evidenze attuali suggeriscono che l'OOT (in forma di ozono gassoso, acqua ozonizzata e derivati dell'ozono) può offrire alcuni benefici come trattamento aggiuntivo o alternativo in determinate condizioni cliniche, con limitati effetti avversi. Tuttavia, è stata riscontrata un'ampia eterogeneità metodologica, che al momento impedisce confronti significativi tra i diversi protocolli e sottolinea la necessità di standardizzare la presentazione dei protocolli di OOT. In terzo luogo, abbiamo condotto una revisione sistematica per valutare l'efficacia dell’OOT nel trattamento della carie in dentizione decidua. Benché la grande eterogeneità nei disegni di studio, negli outcome e nei protocolli abbia impedito la realizzazione di una meta-analisi, le evidenze ottenute suggeriscono che l'applicazione di ozono può rappresentare un valido approccio non invasivo per il trattamento della carie in dentizione decidua, soprattutto nei pazienti molto giovani e poco collaboranti. Infine, abbiamo valutato in vitro l'influenza di diverse formulazioni di ozono sulla forza di adesione in smalto e in dentina di due materiali da restauro con proprietà bioattive, idrofile e autoadesive. Le caratteristiche di superficie risultanti da un trattamento del tessuto dentale possono infatti influenzare la qualità del legame adesivo con i materiali da restauro e la conoscenza specifica dell'interazione tra ozono, substrato dentale e materiali bioattivi è limitata e controversa. Secondo i risultati di questo studio, l'ozono, indipendentemente dalla formulazione utilizzata, non influenza negativamente la forza di adesione in smalto e in dentina, per entrambi i materiali considerati, con prestazioni complessivamente migliori per il materiale di più recente commercializzazione. I risultati di questa tesi attestano dunque l’opportunità di ulteriori indagini in vitro, volte all’identificazione dei protocolli di OOT più appropriati all’outcome desiderato, successivamente da testare e implementare nella pratica clinica.
Ossigeno-ozono terapia in odontoiatria: stato dell’arte e analisi in vitro dell’effetto di diverse formulazioni di ozono sul legame adesivo di materiali bioattivi da restaurativa pediatrica.
VENERI, FEDERICA
2025
Abstract
In the context of contemporary minimally invasive dentistry, among other strategies, ozone applications have been suggested for the management of carious lesions, being expected to counteract cariogenic biofilm and promote hard tissue remineralization, thereby arresting or reversing the progression of dental caries. The biological mechanisms underlying the molecular effects of ozone have been increasingly researched, but remain currently largely unknown and, despite its multiple beneficial properties, oxygen-ozone therapy (OOT) is still controversial in the dental community. The general purpose of this thesis was thus to analyze the current knowledge, research gaps and limitations regarding the applications of OOT in dentistry and to evaluate the interaction of ozone with dental tissues and bioactive restorative materials. First, we conducted a comprehensive review of the literature regarding the biological mechanisms involved in the interaction of ozone with dental tissues. A variety of biological mechanisms, acting through multiple biochemical target pathways, appear to be responsible for the therapeutic effects of ozone in the oral and dental environment. These include antimicrobial action, immunomodulatory and biostimulatory effects, and direct modification of hard dental tissues. However, these mechanisms are complex and not yet fully understood. The development of in vitro experimental models using modern technologies may help to overcome the limitations of current research designs. Second, we comprehensively reviewed the most recent clinical evidence on ozone applications in different fields of dentistry, focusing on the protocols and formulations used, as well as possible associated issues or adverse effects. Although inconclusive, current evidence suggests that OOT (used as gaseous ozone, ozonized water, and ozone derivatives such as oils, gels or antiseptics) may offer some benefits as an adjunctive or alternative treatment in certain clinical conditions, with very limited adverse effects. However, a large methodological heterogeneity was found, which currently prevents meaningful comparisons between different protocols and highlights the general need to standardize the reporting methodology of OOT. Thirdly, we aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the effectiveness of ozone applications for the management of caries of primary dentition. Again, we found great heterogeneity in designs, outcomes and protocols, which ultimately prevented us from performing a meta-analysis. Despite these limitations and the generally limited quality of the studies, the evidence obtained suggests that ozone application may be a valid non-invasive approach to treat caries in primary dentition, especially in very young and poorly cooperative patients. Finally, we evaluated in vitro the influence of different ozone formulations on the shear bond strength to enamel and dentin of two restorative materials with bioactive, hydrophilic and self-adhesive properties. The surface characteristics resulting from any treatment of dental tissue may influence the quality of the adhesive bond with restorative materials, but specific knowledge of the interaction between ozone, dental substrate and bioactive materials is currently very limited and controversial. Within the limitations of this study, we found that ozone, regardless of the formulation used, did not negatively affect the shear bond strength of both materials to enamel and dentin substrate, with overall better performance for the most recently commercialised material. Overall, the data obtained in this thesis warrant further in vitro investigation to identify the most appropriate and synergistic OOT protocols to be subsequently tested and implemented in clinical practice.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/189224
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMORE-189224