Achieving good cardiometabolic health is one of the main challenges in global public health, as cardiometabolic disorders, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, obesity and metabolic syndrome are the leading causes of mortality and comorbidity worldwide. Specifically, clinical risk factors that characterize metabolic syndrome, including abdominal obesity, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and insulin resistance, along with underlying vascular dysfunction, low-grade inflammation, and oxidative stress, represent significant determinants of cardiovascular disease risk. Diet plays a key role in reducing the risk of cardiometabolic disorder and promoting overall human health. In recent years, growing evidence has highlighted the protective impact of bioactive compounds from plant-based food such as (poly)phenols. Blueberries (Vaccinium spp.) are particularly rich in (poly)phenols, including anthocyanins, phenolic acids, proanthocyanidins, flavan-3-ols, and flavonols, other than vitamins, minerals and fiber. Several epidemiological studies and clinical trials have shown the protective effect of blueberries and their phenolic compounds through modulation of cardiometabolic and functional markers. However, due to the very low bioaccessibility and bioavailability of blueberry (poly)phenols, their extensive and complex metabolism, interactions with gut microbiota, and interindividual variability, the mechanisms through which these compounds exert their beneficial effects remain unclear. In this context, the aim of the present Ph.D. thesis was to evaluate the impact of blueberries and their bioactives on markers of cardiometabolic health through in vitro and in vivo approaches. The first part of the thesis was dedicated to the evaluation of the mechanisms of action of blueberries and related (poly)phenols on cardiometabolic markers, including vascular function, inflammation, oxidative stress, and lipid accumulation. This part includes a systematic review devoted to the identification of the potential mechanisms of action of blueberries and their (poly)phenols in the modulation of cardiometabolic markers; two in vitro studies carried out to by testing the effects of the single (poly)phenols of the blueberries and their metabolites in order to identify the compound responsible of the beneficial effect and to reveal the potential mechanisms. Specifically, the systematic review documented the effects of blueberry consumption on markers of vascular function, inflammation, and oxidative stress in human intervention studies, with a focus on the mechanisms of action. The analysis of 45 studies indicated a beneficial effect on vascular function, likely due to the positive modulation of eNOS, which enhances vasodilation, and the inhibition of vasoconstriction via reduced angiotensin II and COX-2 levels. Additionally, blueberries improved the inflammatory status, potentially by inhibiting NF-kB and reducing the release of related inflammatory cytokines. The antioxidant effect of blueberry could be enhanced by an improvement of antioxidant defence system and a direct inhibitory effect on ROS levels. The second study was carried out in vitro examining the role of circulating metabolites derived from blueberries in the modulation of lipid accumulation as well as markers of lipid metabolism and oxidative stress, in 3T3-L1 mature adipocytes. Overall, the findings did not support a direct role of the phenolics tested in reducing lipid accumulation. However, some of them such as vanillic acid, isoferulic acid, and syringic acid were found to positively influence lipid metabolism and oxidative stress markers suggesting an involvement of these metabolites in counteracting dyslipidaemia and associated disorders. The second study investigated the ability of phenolic acids derived from blueberries to modulate lipid accumulation in THP-1 monocytes differentiated into macrophages as a model of atherogenesis. The results indicated that these bioactive compounds reduced lipid accumulation, along with a modulation of genes and proteins related to lipid metabolism. In the second part of the thesis, the role of blueberries on vascular function and cardiometabolic markers was explored through human intervention studies. The first study evaluated the postprandial effect of a wild blueberry drink on vascular function and related markers in a group of 20 healthy young adults through a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. The findings showed a significant effect over time on vascular reactivity following the consumption of both wild blueberry (providing 738 mg of phenolic compounds, 459 mg of anthocyanins and 171 mg of chlorogenic acid) and placebo drinks. However, no significant difference in vascular reactivity was observed after wild blueberry consumption compared to the placebo in the entire group of volunteers, including the subgroup of participants with vascular dysfunction (RHI≤1.67). Furthermore, the wild blueberry drink did not significantly impact arterial stiffness, blood pressure, or related markers (i.e. VCAM-1, E-selectin, and CD15) when compared to the placebo. These findings highlighted the need to investigate the effects in subjects at risk such as individuals with CVDs and/or cardiometabolic disorders. The second study was a systematic review on human trials investigating the effects of berries, including blueberry, on metabolic syndrome and related factors such as vascular function, inflammation and oxidative stress. The analysis of 17 human dietary interventions reported that the most notable positive effects were observed on lipid profile with improvements in triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL cholesterol levels, following blueberry consumption, while, regarding anthropometric measures, blood pressure and glucose levels, the effects were conflicting. Based on these results, an 8-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study examining the effect of a wild blueberry drink on cardiometabolic markers and vascular function markers on 26 individuals with metabolic syndrome was performed. The preliminary results obtained on 21 out of 26 showed a significant reduction in tricipital skinfold thickness following the consumption of wild blueberry suggesting a potential influence on body composition. Additionally, we observed a significant increase over time on vascular reactivity (i.e. RHI) after both the wild blueberry and placebo drink. Although no significant effects were documented when comparing the treatments, we noted a reduction in RHI after placebo consumption, while WB appeared to preserve vascular function. Furthermore, the findings indicated a trend toward a reduction in the total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio, suggesting a potential role of wild blueberry in improving lipid profile and reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Conversely, there were no significant effects on arterial stiffness, blood circulating markers of vascular function (i.e., E-selectin and CD15), blood pressure, glucose and triglyceride levels, or waist circumference following wild blueberry drink. The third part of the thesis was focused on the study of the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of blueberry (poly)phenols, as well as their interaction with gut microbiota, which are pivotal in promoting the potential health effects of blueberries. This section includes an intervention study conducted at the Department of Nutritional Sciences, King’s College London (London, UK), examining the oral bioaccessibility of (poly)phenols from blueberries, strawberries, and raspberries, and a systematic review on the role of berries, including blueberry, in gut microbiota and health. The first study explored the impact of oral processing on the bioaccessibility and potential metabolism of (poly)phenols from fresh and frozen blueberries, fresh strawberries, and fresh raspberries through a human dietary intervention. Specifically, during my internship, I was involved in the analysis of (poly)phenol metabolites in saliva samples using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS-MS) methods. Results showed that raspberries had the highest bioaccessibility, followed by strawberries and frozen blueberries, with fresh blueberries displaying the lowest bioaccessibility. The second study examined the relationship between the bioavailability of (poly)phenols from blueberries and other berries, gut microbiota, and health, through a systematic review of human dietary interventions. Across 16 trials, the findings highlighted the gut microbiota's role in metabolizing (poly)phenols and producing bioactive compounds that enhance microbiota diversity and contribute to overall host health. In conclusion, this Ph.D. thesis has contributed to the growing body of evidence regarding the beneficial effect of blueberry (poly)phenols by utilizing various cardiometabolic markers in both in vitro and in vivo models. The cellular studies provided valuable insights into several biological mechanisms, such as lipid metabolism and oxidative stress, with a focus on individual metabolites and parental compounds at physiological concentrations. Furthermore, the postprandial study did not show any effects of wild blueberry consumption on vascular function and related markers in healthy volunteers. These results highlight the need to investigate the effects of wild blueberry in individuals with risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. In contrast, the long-term study documented an effect of wild blueberry intake on body composition and a potential impact on vascular reactivity and cardiometabolic markers, such as lipid profile. Specifically, these findings derived from a preliminary analysis on a subgroup of individuals. The analysis of the entire group, along with the further analysis of marker of vascular function, endothelial permeability, inflammation, and oxidative stress, will provide a clearer overview of the beneficial role of wild blueberries on vascular function and metabolic syndrome. Moreover, studies on the bioaccessibility of polyphenols, as well as their bioavailability and extensive metabolism associated with interaction with gut microbiota, underscore the importance of considering these factors in future intervention studies, as they could play an essential role in modulating markers of vascular function and cardiometabolic health, promoting the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
Il raggiungimento di una buona salute cardiometabolica è una delle principali sfide per la sanità pubblica globale, poiché i disturbi cardiometabolici, incluse le malattie cardiovascolari, il diabete mellito, l'obesità e la sindrome metabolica, rappresentano le principali cause di mortalità e comorbidità a livello mondiale. In particolare, i fattori di rischio clinici che caratterizzano la sindrome metabolica, come l'obesità addominale, l'ipertensione, la dislipidemia e la resistenza all'insulina, insieme alla disfunzione vascolare, all'infiammazione di basso grado e allo stress ossidativo, rappresentano determinanti significativi del rischio di malattie cardiovascolari. La dieta svolge un ruolo cruciale nel ridurre il rischio di disturbi cardiometabolici e nel promuovere la salute umana. Negli ultimi anni, crescenti evidenze hanno evidenziato l'impatto protettivo dei composti bioattivi presenti negli alimenti di origine vegetale, come i polifenoli. I mirtilli (Vaccinium spp.) sono particolarmente ricchi di vitamine, minerali, fibre e polifenoli inclusi antociani, acidi fenolici, proantocianidine, flavan-3-oli e flavonoli. Diversi studi epidemiologici e trial clinici hanno dimostrato l'effetto protettivo dei mirtilli e dei loro composti fenolici attraverso la modulazione di marcatori cardiometabolici e funzionali. Tuttavia, a causa della bassa bioaccessibilità e biodisponibilità dei polifenoli del mirtillo, del complesso metabolismo, delle interazioni con il microbiota intestinale e della variabilità interindividuale, i meccanismi attraverso cui questi composti esercitano i loro effetti benefici rimangono poco chiari. In questo contesto, l'obiettivo della presente tesi di dottorato è stato quello di valutare l'impatto dei mirtilli e dei loro bioattivi sui marcatori della salute cardiometabolica attraverso approcci in vitro e in vivo. La prima parte della tesi è stata dedicata alla valutazione dei meccanismi d'azione dei mirtilli e dei relativi polifenoli sui marcatori cardiometabolici, inclusi la funzione vascolare, l'infiammazione, lo stress ossidativo e l'accumulo di lipidi, attraverso una revisione sistematica e due modelli in vitro di accumulo lipidico. In particolare, la revisione sistematica ha documentato gli effetti del consumo di mirtilli sui marker della funzione vascolare, dell'infiammazione e dello stress ossidativo negli studi di intervento sull'uomo, con un focus sui meccanismi d'azione. L'analisi di 45 studi ha indicato un effetto benefico sulla funzione vascolare, probabilmente dovuto alla modulazione positiva di eNOS, che migliora la vasodilatazione, e all'inibizione della vasocostrizione attraverso la riduzione dei livelli di angiotensina II e COX-2. Inoltre, i mirtilli hanno migliorato lo stato infiammatorio, potenzialmente inibendo NF-kB e riducendo il rilascio di citochine infiammatorie. L'effetto antiossidante dei mirtilli potrebbe essere potenziato da un miglioramento del sistema di difesa antiossidante e da un effetto diretto di inibizione sui livelli di ROS. Il secondo studio esamina il ruolo dei metaboliti circolanti derivati dai mirtilli nella modulazione dell'accumulo lipidico, nonché dei marcatori del metabolismo lipidico e dello stress ossidativo, negli adipociti maturi 3T3-L1. I risultati non hanno supportato un ruolo diretto di questi composti fenolici nella riduzione dell'accumulo lipidico. Tuttavia, l'acido vanillico, l'acido isoferulico e l'acido siringico hanno mostrato un'influenza positiva sul metabolismo lipidico e sullo stress ossidativo. Il terzo studio ha esaminato la capacità degli acidi fenolici derivati dai mirtilli di modulare l'accumulo lipidico nei monociti THP-1 differenziati in macrofagi, come modello di aterogenesi. I risultati indicano che questi composti bioattivi hanno ridotto l'accumulo lipidico, insieme a una modulazione dei geni e delle proteine correlati al metabolismo lipidico. Nella seconda parte della tesi, il ruolo dei mirtilli sulla funzione vascolare e sui marcatori cardiometabolici è stato investigato attraverso studi di intervento sull'uomo. Il primo studio ha valutato l'effetto postprandiale di una bevanda a base di mirtillo selvatico sulla funzione vascolare e sui relativi marcatori in 20 giovani adulti sani. I risultati hanno mostrato un effetto significativo nel tempo sulla reattività vascolare dopo il consumo sia del mirtillo selvatico (contenente 738 mg di composti fenolici, 459 mg di antocianine e 171 mg di acido clorogenico) sia del placebo. Tuttavia, non è stata osservata una differenza significativa nella reattività vascolare dopo il consumo del mirtillo selvatico rispetto al placebo nell'intero gruppo di volontari, inclusi i soggetti con disfunzione vascolare (RHI≤1.67). Inoltre, la bevanda a base di mirtillo non ha influenzato la rigidità arteriosa, la pressione sanguigna o i marker correlati (ossia VCAM-1, E-selectina e CD15) rispetto al placebo. Il secondo studio è una revisione sistematica di studi clinici sull'uomo che indagano gli effetti dei frutti rossi, inclusi i mirtilli, sulla sindrome metabolica e sui fattori correlati come la funzione vascolare, l'infiammazione e lo stress ossidativo. L'analisi di 17 interventi dietetici ha riportato che i maggiori effetti positivi si sono osservati nel profilo lipidico, con miglioramenti nei livelli di trigliceridi, colesterolo totale, HDL e LDL, dopo il consumo di mirtilli e bacche di aronia. Tuttavia, riguardo alle misure antropometriche, pressione sanguigna e livelli di glucosio, gli effetti sono risultati contrastanti. Basandosi su questi risultati, è stato condotto uno studio randomizzato, in doppio cieco, controllato con placebo e crossover di 8 settimane per esaminare l'effetto di una bevanda a base di mirtillo selvatico sulla funzione vascolare e sui marcatori cardiometabolici in 26 individui con sindrome metabolica. I risultati preliminari ottenuti su 21 dei 26 soggetti hanno mostrato una riduzione significativa dello spessore della plica tricipitale dopo il consumo di mirtilli selvatici, suggerendo una potenziale influenza sulla composizione corporea. Inoltre, abbiamo osservato un aumento significativo nel tempo della reattività vascolare (ovvero RHI) dopo il consumo sia della bevanda a base di mirtilli selvatici che del placebo. Sebbene non siano stati documentati effetti significativi confrontando i trattamenti, abbiamo notato una riduzione del parametro RHI dopo il consumo del placebo, mentre il mirtillo selvatico sembrava preservare la funzione vascolare. Inoltre, i risultati hanno indicato una tendenza verso una riduzione del rapporto colesterolo totale/colesterolo HDL, suggerendo un potenziale ruolo dei mirtilli selvatici nel migliorare il profilo lipidico e ridurre il rischio di malattie cardiovascolari. Tuttavia, non sono stati osservati effetti significativi sulla rigidità arteriosa, sui marcatori di funzione endoteliale (ovvero E-selectina e CD15), sulla pressione sanguigna, sui livelli di glucosio e trigliceridi, o sulla circonferenza vita dopo il consumo della bevanda a base di mirtilli selvatici. La terza parte della tesi si concentra sulla bioaccessibilità e biodisponibilità dei polifenoli dei mirtilli, così come sulla loro interazione con il microbiota intestinale, che sono fondamentali nel promuovere i potenziali effetti benefici dei mirtilli sulla salute. Questa sezione include uno studio di intervento condotto presso il Dipartimento delle Scienze Nutrizionali del King's College di Londra (Londra, Regno Unito), che esamina la bioaccessibilità orale dei polifenoli provenienti da mirtilli, fragole e lamponi, e una revisione sistematica sul ruolo delle bacche, inclusi i mirtilli, sul microbiota intestinale e sulla salute. Il primo studio ha esplorato l'impatto della masticazione sulla bioaccessibilità e sul potenziale metabolismo dei polifenoli provenienti da mirtilli freschi e congelati, fragole e lamponi attraverso un intervento dietetico umano. In particolare, sono stato coinvolto nell'analisi dei metaboliti dei polifenoli nei campioni di saliva utilizzando metodi di cromatografia liquida-spettrometria di massa (LC-MS/MS). I risultati hanno mostrato che i lamponi avevano la più alta bioaccessibilità, seguiti dalle fragole e dai mirtilli congelati, con i mirtilli freschi che mostrano una bioaccessibilità minore. Il secondo studio ha esaminato la relazione tra la biodisponibilità dei polifenoli provenienti da mirtilli e altri frutti rossi, microbiota intestinale e salute umana, attraverso una revisione sistematica degli studi di intervento sull’uomo. In 16 trial, i risultati hanno evidenziato il ruolo del microbiota intestinale nel metabolismo dei polifenoli e nella produzione di composti bioattivi che migliorano la diversità del microbiota e contribuiscono alla salute complessiva dell'ospite. In conclusione, questa tesi di dottorato ha contribuito ad aumentare le evidenze riguardanti gli effetti benefici dei polifenoli del mirtillo, utilizzando vari marcatori cardiometabolici in modelli sia in vitro che in vivo. Gli studi cellulari hanno fornito importanti approfondimenti su diversi meccanismi biologici, come il metabolismo lipidico e lo stress ossidativo, concentrandosi su singoli polifenoli e relativi metaboliti a concentrazioni fisiologiche o sopra-fisiologiche. Inoltre, lo studio postprandiale non ha mostrato alcun effetto del consumo del mirtillo selvatico sulla funzione vascolare e sui marcatori correlati in volontari sani. Questi risultati evidenziano la necessità di indagare gli effetti del mirtillo selvatico in individui con fattori di rischio per le malattie cardiovascolari. Al contrario, lo studio a lungo termine ha documentato un effetto dell'assunzione di mirtilli selvatici sulla composizione corporea e un potenziale impatto sulla reattività vascolare e sui marcatori cardiometabolici, come il profilo lipidico. In particolare, questi risultati derivano da un'analisi preliminare su un sottogruppo di individui. L'analisi dell'intero gruppo, insieme all'ulteriore analisi di marcatori di funzione vascolare, permeabilità endoteliale, infiammazione e stress ossidativo, offrirà una panoramica più chiara del ruolo benefico dei mirtilli selvatici sulla funzione vascolare e sulla sindrome metabolica. Inoltre, gli studi sulla bioaccessibilità dei polifenoli, così come la loro biodisponibilità ed esteso metabolismo associato all'interazione con il microbiota intestinale, sottolineano l'importanza di considerare questi fattori nei futuri studi di intervento, poiché potrebbero svolgere un ruolo essenziale nella modulazione dei marcatori della funzione vascolare e della salute cardiometabolica, promuovendo la prevenzione delle malattie cardiovascolari.
BLUEBERRY POLYPHENOLS AND THEIR EFFECT ON BIOMARKERS OF CARDIOMETABOLIC HEALTH: IN VITRO AND IN VIVO STUDIES
VENTURI, SAMUELE
2025
Abstract
Achieving good cardiometabolic health is one of the main challenges in global public health, as cardiometabolic disorders, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, obesity and metabolic syndrome are the leading causes of mortality and comorbidity worldwide. Specifically, clinical risk factors that characterize metabolic syndrome, including abdominal obesity, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and insulin resistance, along with underlying vascular dysfunction, low-grade inflammation, and oxidative stress, represent significant determinants of cardiovascular disease risk. Diet plays a key role in reducing the risk of cardiometabolic disorder and promoting overall human health. In recent years, growing evidence has highlighted the protective impact of bioactive compounds from plant-based food such as (poly)phenols. Blueberries (Vaccinium spp.) are particularly rich in (poly)phenols, including anthocyanins, phenolic acids, proanthocyanidins, flavan-3-ols, and flavonols, other than vitamins, minerals and fiber. Several epidemiological studies and clinical trials have shown the protective effect of blueberries and their phenolic compounds through modulation of cardiometabolic and functional markers. However, due to the very low bioaccessibility and bioavailability of blueberry (poly)phenols, their extensive and complex metabolism, interactions with gut microbiota, and interindividual variability, the mechanisms through which these compounds exert their beneficial effects remain unclear. In this context, the aim of the present Ph.D. thesis was to evaluate the impact of blueberries and their bioactives on markers of cardiometabolic health through in vitro and in vivo approaches. The first part of the thesis was dedicated to the evaluation of the mechanisms of action of blueberries and related (poly)phenols on cardiometabolic markers, including vascular function, inflammation, oxidative stress, and lipid accumulation. This part includes a systematic review devoted to the identification of the potential mechanisms of action of blueberries and their (poly)phenols in the modulation of cardiometabolic markers; two in vitro studies carried out to by testing the effects of the single (poly)phenols of the blueberries and their metabolites in order to identify the compound responsible of the beneficial effect and to reveal the potential mechanisms. Specifically, the systematic review documented the effects of blueberry consumption on markers of vascular function, inflammation, and oxidative stress in human intervention studies, with a focus on the mechanisms of action. The analysis of 45 studies indicated a beneficial effect on vascular function, likely due to the positive modulation of eNOS, which enhances vasodilation, and the inhibition of vasoconstriction via reduced angiotensin II and COX-2 levels. Additionally, blueberries improved the inflammatory status, potentially by inhibiting NF-kB and reducing the release of related inflammatory cytokines. The antioxidant effect of blueberry could be enhanced by an improvement of antioxidant defence system and a direct inhibitory effect on ROS levels. The second study was carried out in vitro examining the role of circulating metabolites derived from blueberries in the modulation of lipid accumulation as well as markers of lipid metabolism and oxidative stress, in 3T3-L1 mature adipocytes. Overall, the findings did not support a direct role of the phenolics tested in reducing lipid accumulation. However, some of them such as vanillic acid, isoferulic acid, and syringic acid were found to positively influence lipid metabolism and oxidative stress markers suggesting an involvement of these metabolites in counteracting dyslipidaemia and associated disorders. The second study investigated the ability of phenolic acids derived from blueberries to modulate lipid accumulation in THP-1 monocytes differentiated into macrophages as a model of atherogenesis. The results indicated that these bioactive compounds reduced lipid accumulation, along with a modulation of genes and proteins related to lipid metabolism. In the second part of the thesis, the role of blueberries on vascular function and cardiometabolic markers was explored through human intervention studies. The first study evaluated the postprandial effect of a wild blueberry drink on vascular function and related markers in a group of 20 healthy young adults through a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. The findings showed a significant effect over time on vascular reactivity following the consumption of both wild blueberry (providing 738 mg of phenolic compounds, 459 mg of anthocyanins and 171 mg of chlorogenic acid) and placebo drinks. However, no significant difference in vascular reactivity was observed after wild blueberry consumption compared to the placebo in the entire group of volunteers, including the subgroup of participants with vascular dysfunction (RHI≤1.67). Furthermore, the wild blueberry drink did not significantly impact arterial stiffness, blood pressure, or related markers (i.e. VCAM-1, E-selectin, and CD15) when compared to the placebo. These findings highlighted the need to investigate the effects in subjects at risk such as individuals with CVDs and/or cardiometabolic disorders. The second study was a systematic review on human trials investigating the effects of berries, including blueberry, on metabolic syndrome and related factors such as vascular function, inflammation and oxidative stress. The analysis of 17 human dietary interventions reported that the most notable positive effects were observed on lipid profile with improvements in triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL cholesterol levels, following blueberry consumption, while, regarding anthropometric measures, blood pressure and glucose levels, the effects were conflicting. Based on these results, an 8-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study examining the effect of a wild blueberry drink on cardiometabolic markers and vascular function markers on 26 individuals with metabolic syndrome was performed. The preliminary results obtained on 21 out of 26 showed a significant reduction in tricipital skinfold thickness following the consumption of wild blueberry suggesting a potential influence on body composition. Additionally, we observed a significant increase over time on vascular reactivity (i.e. RHI) after both the wild blueberry and placebo drink. Although no significant effects were documented when comparing the treatments, we noted a reduction in RHI after placebo consumption, while WB appeared to preserve vascular function. Furthermore, the findings indicated a trend toward a reduction in the total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio, suggesting a potential role of wild blueberry in improving lipid profile and reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Conversely, there were no significant effects on arterial stiffness, blood circulating markers of vascular function (i.e., E-selectin and CD15), blood pressure, glucose and triglyceride levels, or waist circumference following wild blueberry drink. The third part of the thesis was focused on the study of the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of blueberry (poly)phenols, as well as their interaction with gut microbiota, which are pivotal in promoting the potential health effects of blueberries. This section includes an intervention study conducted at the Department of Nutritional Sciences, King’s College London (London, UK), examining the oral bioaccessibility of (poly)phenols from blueberries, strawberries, and raspberries, and a systematic review on the role of berries, including blueberry, in gut microbiota and health. The first study explored the impact of oral processing on the bioaccessibility and potential metabolism of (poly)phenols from fresh and frozen blueberries, fresh strawberries, and fresh raspberries through a human dietary intervention. Specifically, during my internship, I was involved in the analysis of (poly)phenol metabolites in saliva samples using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS-MS) methods. Results showed that raspberries had the highest bioaccessibility, followed by strawberries and frozen blueberries, with fresh blueberries displaying the lowest bioaccessibility. The second study examined the relationship between the bioavailability of (poly)phenols from blueberries and other berries, gut microbiota, and health, through a systematic review of human dietary interventions. Across 16 trials, the findings highlighted the gut microbiota's role in metabolizing (poly)phenols and producing bioactive compounds that enhance microbiota diversity and contribute to overall host health. In conclusion, this Ph.D. thesis has contributed to the growing body of evidence regarding the beneficial effect of blueberry (poly)phenols by utilizing various cardiometabolic markers in both in vitro and in vivo models. The cellular studies provided valuable insights into several biological mechanisms, such as lipid metabolism and oxidative stress, with a focus on individual metabolites and parental compounds at physiological concentrations. Furthermore, the postprandial study did not show any effects of wild blueberry consumption on vascular function and related markers in healthy volunteers. These results highlight the need to investigate the effects of wild blueberry in individuals with risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. In contrast, the long-term study documented an effect of wild blueberry intake on body composition and a potential impact on vascular reactivity and cardiometabolic markers, such as lipid profile. Specifically, these findings derived from a preliminary analysis on a subgroup of individuals. The analysis of the entire group, along with the further analysis of marker of vascular function, endothelial permeability, inflammation, and oxidative stress, will provide a clearer overview of the beneficial role of wild blueberries on vascular function and metabolic syndrome. Moreover, studies on the bioaccessibility of polyphenols, as well as their bioavailability and extensive metabolism associated with interaction with gut microbiota, underscore the importance of considering these factors in future intervention studies, as they could play an essential role in modulating markers of vascular function and cardiometabolic health, promoting the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/190085
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMI-190085