Parkinson’s disease (PD), the most prevalent neurodegenerative movement disorder, is marked by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and manifests through motor symptoms such as tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and balance issues. Beyond motor impairments, PD is also associated with non-motor disorders, including gastrointestinal dysfunction, sleep disturbances, and cognitive decline, which often precede motor symptoms by years. While the exact causes of PD remain unclear, α-synuclein is believed to be a key player, forming pathological aggregates that accumulate in neurons and result in Lewy bodies, a hallmark of the disease. Currently, PD diagnosis relies on clinical evaluation, but the absence of early, accurate diagnostic tools hinders effective therapeutic development. Identifying biomarkers is therefore a critical priority to enable early diagnosis, subtype classification, and the monitoring of disease progression and therapeutic efficacy. This thesis explores the role of NF-κB/c-Rel in PD pathophysiology, focusing on its molecular mechanisms and implications for neuronal health. Prior research has demonstrated that male NF-κB/c-Rel-deficient mice (c-rel⁻/⁻) show an α-synuclein spreading pattern starting in the olfactory bulbs and vagus nerve and progressing to the substantia nigra. This pathology is accompanied by non-motor symptoms such as hyposmia, anxiety, and depression as early as two months, followed by motor deficits at 18 months. Post-mortem analysis of PD patients also revealed reduced NF-κB/c-Rel DNA-binding activity in both brain tissue and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), implicating its dysregulation in PD. The thesis is divided into two parts. Part I investigates the reduced NF-κB/c-Rel DNA-binding activity in PD patient PBMCs. Using two cohorts, fasted and postprandial, results show that food intake increases NF-κB/c-Rel activity in healthy individuals but not in PD patients. This was confirmed in the same individuals pre- and post-meal. The study then explored post-translational modifications (PTMs), particularly O-GlcNAcylation, a nutrient-sensitive process that adds N-acetylglucosamine residues to proteins and is regulated by UDP-GlcNAc synthesis. PD patients exhibited both general and NF-κB/c-Rel-specific O-GlcNAcylation deficits. Furthermore, analysis of enzymes involved in O-GlcNAcylation, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), showed dysregulation in both fasting and postprandial states. Experiments on PBMC cultures treated with high glucose and the OGA inhibitor PUGNAc confirmed impaired O-GlcNAcylation in PD patients, independent of metabolic state. These findings highlight O-GlcNAcylation as a potential molecular mechanism underlying NF-κB/c-Rel dysfunction and a promising therapeutic target. Part II examines NF-κB/c-Rel’s role in dopaminergic neuron survival under metabolic and oxidative stress. Primary midbrain neurons from c-rel⁺/⁺ and c-rel⁻/⁻ mice were exposed to stressors to assess α-synuclein accumulation, neuritic arborization, and mitochondrial respiration. c-rel⁻/⁻ neurons showed elevated baseline α-synuclein levels that did not increase under stress, reduced neuritic branching, and impaired mitochondrial respiration. Interestingly, increased vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) levels in c-rel⁻/⁻ neurites suggest a compensatory mechanism for reduced neuronal functionality. In conclusion, the thesis demonstrates that NF-κB/c-Rel deficiency impacts neuronal resilience by disrupting mitochondrial activity and promoting α-synuclein accumulation. The findings underscore the critical role of NF-κB/c-Rel in PD pathogenesis, emphasizing its potential as a biomarker and therapeutic target for the disease.
La Malattia di Parkinson (MP), il più comune disturbo neurodegenerativo del movimento, è caratterizzato dalla progressiva perdita di neuroni dopaminergici nella substantia nigra e si manifesta attraverso sintomi motori come tremore a riposo, rigidità muscolare, bradicinesia e problemi di equilibrio. Oltre ai deficit motori, la MP è associato a disturbi non motori, tra cui disfunzioni gastrointestinali, disturbi del sonno e declino cognitivo, che spesso precedono di anni l'insorgenza dei sintomi motori. Sebbene le cause precise della MP siano ancora sconosciute, l'α-sinucleina sembra svolgere un ruolo chiave, formando aggregati patologici che si accumulano nei neuroni, portando alla formazione di corpi di Lewy, un segno distintivo della malattia. Attualmente, la diagnosi del PD si basa principalmente sulla valutazione clinica, ma l'assenza di strumenti diagnostici precoci e accurati ostacola lo sviluppo di terapie efficaci. Identificare biomarcatori rappresenta quindi una priorità cruciale per permettere una diagnosi precoce, classificare i sottotipi della malattia e monitorare la progressione e l'efficacia delle terapie. Questa tesi esplora il ruolo di NF-κB/c-Rel nella fisiopatologia della MP, concentrandosi sui meccanismi molecolari e le implicazioni per la salute neuronale. Studi precedenti hanno dimostrato che i topi maschi carenti di NF-κB/c-Rel (c-rel⁻/⁻) mostrano una diffusione dell'α-sinucleina che parte dai bulbi olfattivi e dal nucleo motore dorsale del vago e progredisce verso la substantia nigra. Questa patologia è accompagnata da sintomi non motori precoci, come iposmia a 2 mesi, ansia e depressione a 12 mesi, seguiti da deficit motori a 18 mesi. Analisi post-mortem su pazienti affetti da MP hanno inoltre rivelato una ridotta attività di legame al DNA di NF-κB/c-Rel sia nel tessuto cerebrale che nelle cellule mononucleate del sangue periferico (peripheral blood mononuclear cells, PBMCs), suggerendo il coinvolgimento di questa disfunzione nella malattia. La tesi è suddivisa in due parti. La Parte I indaga sulla ridotta attività di legame al DNA di NF-κB/c-Rel nei PBMCs di pazienti con MP. Usando due coorti (a digiuno e postprandiale), i risultati mostrano che l’assunzione di cibo aumenta l'attività di NF-κB/c-Rel nei soggetti sani ma non nei pazienti affetti da MP. Lo studio ha poi esaminato le modifiche post-traduzionali (PTMs), in particolare la glicosilazione O-GlcNAc, un processo sensibile ai nutrienti che aggiunge residui di N-acetilglucosamina alle proteine. I pazienti con MP presentano deficit di O-GlcNAc sia generali che specifici per NF-κB/c-Rel. Inoltre, l'analisi degli enzimi coinvolti (OGT e OGA) ha evidenziato una disfunzione di questo pathway sia a digiuno che dopo il pasto. Esperimenti su colture di PBMC trattate con glucosio e inibitori di OGA hanno confermato un processo di O-GlcNAc alterato nei pazienti, indipendentemente dallo stato metabolico. Questi risultati sottolineano il ruolo di O-GlcNAc come possibile meccanismo molecolare e bersaglio terapeutico. La Parte II esamina il ruolo di NF-κB/c-Rel nella sopravvivenza dei neuroni dopaminergici sotto stress metabolico e ossidativo. Colture di neuroni midollari da topi c-rel⁺/⁺ e c-rel⁻/⁻ mostrano che i neuroni c-rel⁻/⁻ accumulano α-sinucleina endogena in quantità elevate, con ridotta ramificazione neuritica e respirazione mitocondriale. L'aumento di VMAT2 nei neuriti suggerisce un meccanismo compensatorio per contrastare il deficit funzionale. In sintesi, questa tesi dimostra che NF-κB/c-Rel sostiene la resilienza neuronale, regolando l'attività mitocondriale e la maturazione dei neuroni, evidenziando il suo potenziale come biomarcatore e bersaglio terapeutico per il PD.
From the center to the periphery: untangling the role of NF-κB/c-Rel in Parkinson's disease
GENNARI, Michele Mario
2025
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD), the most prevalent neurodegenerative movement disorder, is marked by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and manifests through motor symptoms such as tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and balance issues. Beyond motor impairments, PD is also associated with non-motor disorders, including gastrointestinal dysfunction, sleep disturbances, and cognitive decline, which often precede motor symptoms by years. While the exact causes of PD remain unclear, α-synuclein is believed to be a key player, forming pathological aggregates that accumulate in neurons and result in Lewy bodies, a hallmark of the disease. Currently, PD diagnosis relies on clinical evaluation, but the absence of early, accurate diagnostic tools hinders effective therapeutic development. Identifying biomarkers is therefore a critical priority to enable early diagnosis, subtype classification, and the monitoring of disease progression and therapeutic efficacy. This thesis explores the role of NF-κB/c-Rel in PD pathophysiology, focusing on its molecular mechanisms and implications for neuronal health. Prior research has demonstrated that male NF-κB/c-Rel-deficient mice (c-rel⁻/⁻) show an α-synuclein spreading pattern starting in the olfactory bulbs and vagus nerve and progressing to the substantia nigra. This pathology is accompanied by non-motor symptoms such as hyposmia, anxiety, and depression as early as two months, followed by motor deficits at 18 months. Post-mortem analysis of PD patients also revealed reduced NF-κB/c-Rel DNA-binding activity in both brain tissue and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), implicating its dysregulation in PD. The thesis is divided into two parts. Part I investigates the reduced NF-κB/c-Rel DNA-binding activity in PD patient PBMCs. Using two cohorts, fasted and postprandial, results show that food intake increases NF-κB/c-Rel activity in healthy individuals but not in PD patients. This was confirmed in the same individuals pre- and post-meal. The study then explored post-translational modifications (PTMs), particularly O-GlcNAcylation, a nutrient-sensitive process that adds N-acetylglucosamine residues to proteins and is regulated by UDP-GlcNAc synthesis. PD patients exhibited both general and NF-κB/c-Rel-specific O-GlcNAcylation deficits. Furthermore, analysis of enzymes involved in O-GlcNAcylation, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), showed dysregulation in both fasting and postprandial states. Experiments on PBMC cultures treated with high glucose and the OGA inhibitor PUGNAc confirmed impaired O-GlcNAcylation in PD patients, independent of metabolic state. These findings highlight O-GlcNAcylation as a potential molecular mechanism underlying NF-κB/c-Rel dysfunction and a promising therapeutic target. Part II examines NF-κB/c-Rel’s role in dopaminergic neuron survival under metabolic and oxidative stress. Primary midbrain neurons from c-rel⁺/⁺ and c-rel⁻/⁻ mice were exposed to stressors to assess α-synuclein accumulation, neuritic arborization, and mitochondrial respiration. c-rel⁻/⁻ neurons showed elevated baseline α-synuclein levels that did not increase under stress, reduced neuritic branching, and impaired mitochondrial respiration. Interestingly, increased vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) levels in c-rel⁻/⁻ neurites suggest a compensatory mechanism for reduced neuronal functionality. In conclusion, the thesis demonstrates that NF-κB/c-Rel deficiency impacts neuronal resilience by disrupting mitochondrial activity and promoting α-synuclein accumulation. The findings underscore the critical role of NF-κB/c-Rel in PD pathogenesis, emphasizing its potential as a biomarker and therapeutic target for the disease.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
Michele_Mario_Gennari_PhD thesis.pdf
embargo fino al 28/01/2026
Dimensione
4.05 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
4.05 MB | Adobe PDF |
I documenti in UNITESI sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/190464
URN:NBN:IT:UNIBS-190464