Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe muscle disorder, caused by the absence of dystrophin due to mutation in the DMD gene. It is characterized by progressive muscle wasting and replacement of muscle fibers with fibrotic tissue. Several studies demonstrated that the inappropriate opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP) due to mitochondrial Ca 2+ overload is a main cause of muscle fiber death, but it seems to be only a downstream event in DMD progression. Current therapies are based on corticosteroids ameliorating muscle wasting in DMD patients but do not cure the pathology and patients experience severe side-effects. Thus, there is an urgent need to identify both the correct cascade of events underlying DMD pathogenesis and new effective therapeutical approaches. To establish the correct timeline of pathogenic mechanisms underlying the absence of dystrophin, we performed an in-depth RNA sequencing of both sapje dystrophic zebrafish (the most severe model of human DMD with a single point mutation) at different stages of disease development, and human DMD cell lines by functionally validating these results using different assays in sapje. We showed: i) a permanent down-regulation of pax3 target genes together with permanent up- regulation of myog since the disease’s early stages; ii) a down-regulation of genes involved in the regulation of Ca 2+ homeostasis. By integrating RNA seq results with in-vivo imaging we confirmed the co-existence of both mitochondrial dysfunction and defects of muscle differentiation at the onset of DMD. We decided also to investigate in sapje zebrafish the effects of specific inhibitors of the Permeability transition pore (PTP) (TR001, TR002 and their pro-TRs forms) and one corticosteroid derivative, as alternatives to the actual gold standard therapy. We performed different analyses: i) acridine orange to assess effects on muscle fiber apoptosis, ii) heartbeats measurements, iii) touch-evoked escape response and Noldus assays to assess effects on motor behavior, iv) seahorse analysis to assess effects on mitochondrial respiration, v) in vivo imaging of specific sapje biosensors to assess effects on signaling pathways, inflammation, and mitochondrial patterning and dynamics. We demonstrated that active triazole compounds, TR001 and TR002, are the most effective in ameliorating the dystrophic phenotype of sapje homozygotes in all tests performed. To move a step towards pre-clinical analysis, we started Pro-TRs administration in mdx5cv mice to obtain pharmacokinetics information. Preliminary PK results on mice plasma after gavage of Pro-TRs suggest that they are successfully cleaved in the active compounds, detectable by HPLC/MS, and still present in both forms, even if in different concentrations, 2-3 hours post-gavage to mdx5cv mice. Our results support the new emerging hypothesis stating that DMD pathogenesis begins with USCs hyperactivation leading to sustained myoblast proliferation and fusion to generate weak muscle fibers and promote inflammation and fibrosis. Thus, not only mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation but also USCs could be effective druggable targets for new effective therapies blocking the DMD progression. Differences observed in sapje among PRO-TRs and their relative active TRs need to be further investigated to check if Pro-TRs could be as effective as the active TRs by assessing them in a longer time window, or they could be less effective. Moreover, preliminary PK results give us an interesting view of compounds stability in mice plasma, but we need to obtain full PK data, and to investigate also compounds distribution in different tissues. This study suggests a main role of sapje zebrafish both in investigating mechanisms underlying DMD pathogenesis and in performing new drug screening as a first pre-clinical step before moving toward mice models.
La distrofia muscolare di Duchenne (DMD) è una grave malattia muscolare, dovuta all’assenza di distrofina causata da mutazioni nel gene DMD, caratterizzata da atrofia muscolare e sostituzione delle fibre muscolari con tessuto fibrotico. È dimostrato che l’apertura inappropriata del poro di transizione della permeabilità mitocondriale (PTP), dovuta a sovraccarico di Ca2+ è una delle principali cause di morte delle fibre muscolari, anche se sembra essere un evento a valle nella progressione della DMD. Le attuali terapie, basate su corticosteroidi migliorano l’atrofia muscolare, ma non curano la patologia e danno gravi effetti collaterali, creando urgente bisogno di identificare sia la corretta cascata di eventi alla base della patogenesi sia nuovi approcci terapeutici efficaci. Per stabilire la sequenza temporale dei meccanismi patogenici, è stato eseguito l'RNAseq sia del modello Zebrafish distrofico sapje (modello più grave di DMD con singola mutazione puntiforme) in diversi stadi di sviluppo della malattia, sia dell’uomo; questi risultati sono stati verificati funzionalmente con test in sapje. Sono stati riscontrati: i) una permanente riduzione dell’espressione dei geni bersaglio di pax3 e un permanente aumento dell'espressione di myog sin dalle prime fasi della malattia e ii) una down-regolazione dei geni coinvolti nell’omeostasi del Ca2+. Integrando i risultati dell’RNAseq con l’imaging in-vivo si è confermata la coesistenza della disfunzione mitocondriale e dei difetti di differenziamento muscolare all’esordio della DMD. Sono stati studiati nel sapje gli effetti di specifici inibitori del PTP (TR001, TR002 e le loro forme pro) e di un derivato corticosteroideo, come alternativa alla terapia attuale. Le analisi effettuate comprendono: i) acridine orange per valutare gli effetti dell’apoptosi nelle fibre muscolari, ii) misurazioni dei battiti cardiaci, iii) risposta alla fuga evocata dal tocco e test Noldus, per il comportamento motorio, iv) analisi di consumo dell’ossigeno per monitorare la respirazione mitocondriale, v) imaging in-vivo di biosensori per valutare gli effetti sulle vie di segnalazione, l’infiammazione e la dinamica mitocondriale. È stato dimostrato che i TR sono i più efficaci nel migliorare il fenotipo distrofico dei sapje in tutti i test eseguiti. Per fare un passo avanti verso l’analisi preclinica, è stata iniziata la somministrazione di Pro-TR nei topi mdx5cv al fine di comprenderne la farmacocinetica (PK). Risultati preliminari sul plasma dei topi, dopo la somministrazione orale, dei Pro-TR suggerisce la loro scissione in composti attivi, rilevabili mediante HPLC/MS, e la loro presenza in entrambe le forme, anche se in concentrazioni diverse, 2-3 ore dopo la somministrazione. I risultati ottenuti, supportano l’ipotesi emergente secondo cui la patogenesi inizia con l’iperattivazione delle unrestrained satellite cells (USC) legata a iperproliferazione e fusione dei mioblasti, che generano fibre muscolari deboli e promuovono infiammazione e fibrosi. Conseguentemente, la disfunzione mitocondriale, l’infiammazione e le USC potrebbero essere bersagli farmacologici efficaci per nuove terapie che bloccano la progressione della DMD. Le differenze osservate nel sapje tra i PRO-TR e TR necessitano di essere ulteriormente studiate per verificare se i Pro-TR sono efficaci quanto i TR, mai in una finestra temporale più lunga, oppure se sono meno efficaci. Inoltre, i risultati preliminari del PK danno una visione interessante della stabilità dei composti nel plasma, anche se servono dati aggiuntivi per indagare la distribuzione del composto nei diversi tessuti. In conclusione, questo studio suggerisce un possibile ruolo principale del sapje sia nello studio dei meccanismi alla base della patogenesi della DMD sia nell’esecuzione dello screening di nuovi farmaci come passo preclinico antecedente i modelli murini.
IDENTIFICATION OF MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY USING ZEBRAFISH (DANIO RERIO) AS ANIMAL MODEL.
CANNONE, ELENA
2025
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe muscle disorder, caused by the absence of dystrophin due to mutation in the DMD gene. It is characterized by progressive muscle wasting and replacement of muscle fibers with fibrotic tissue. Several studies demonstrated that the inappropriate opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP) due to mitochondrial Ca 2+ overload is a main cause of muscle fiber death, but it seems to be only a downstream event in DMD progression. Current therapies are based on corticosteroids ameliorating muscle wasting in DMD patients but do not cure the pathology and patients experience severe side-effects. Thus, there is an urgent need to identify both the correct cascade of events underlying DMD pathogenesis and new effective therapeutical approaches. To establish the correct timeline of pathogenic mechanisms underlying the absence of dystrophin, we performed an in-depth RNA sequencing of both sapje dystrophic zebrafish (the most severe model of human DMD with a single point mutation) at different stages of disease development, and human DMD cell lines by functionally validating these results using different assays in sapje. We showed: i) a permanent down-regulation of pax3 target genes together with permanent up- regulation of myog since the disease’s early stages; ii) a down-regulation of genes involved in the regulation of Ca 2+ homeostasis. By integrating RNA seq results with in-vivo imaging we confirmed the co-existence of both mitochondrial dysfunction and defects of muscle differentiation at the onset of DMD. We decided also to investigate in sapje zebrafish the effects of specific inhibitors of the Permeability transition pore (PTP) (TR001, TR002 and their pro-TRs forms) and one corticosteroid derivative, as alternatives to the actual gold standard therapy. We performed different analyses: i) acridine orange to assess effects on muscle fiber apoptosis, ii) heartbeats measurements, iii) touch-evoked escape response and Noldus assays to assess effects on motor behavior, iv) seahorse analysis to assess effects on mitochondrial respiration, v) in vivo imaging of specific sapje biosensors to assess effects on signaling pathways, inflammation, and mitochondrial patterning and dynamics. We demonstrated that active triazole compounds, TR001 and TR002, are the most effective in ameliorating the dystrophic phenotype of sapje homozygotes in all tests performed. To move a step towards pre-clinical analysis, we started Pro-TRs administration in mdx5cv mice to obtain pharmacokinetics information. Preliminary PK results on mice plasma after gavage of Pro-TRs suggest that they are successfully cleaved in the active compounds, detectable by HPLC/MS, and still present in both forms, even if in different concentrations, 2-3 hours post-gavage to mdx5cv mice. Our results support the new emerging hypothesis stating that DMD pathogenesis begins with USCs hyperactivation leading to sustained myoblast proliferation and fusion to generate weak muscle fibers and promote inflammation and fibrosis. Thus, not only mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation but also USCs could be effective druggable targets for new effective therapies blocking the DMD progression. Differences observed in sapje among PRO-TRs and their relative active TRs need to be further investigated to check if Pro-TRs could be as effective as the active TRs by assessing them in a longer time window, or they could be less effective. Moreover, preliminary PK results give us an interesting view of compounds stability in mice plasma, but we need to obtain full PK data, and to investigate also compounds distribution in different tissues. This study suggests a main role of sapje zebrafish both in investigating mechanisms underlying DMD pathogenesis and in performing new drug screening as a first pre-clinical step before moving toward mice models.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/190468
URN:NBN:IT:UNIBS-190468