The clinical success of immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint blockades (ICB) has significantly improved the outcome of patients with metastatic melanoma (MM).Unfortunately half of the surgically resected patients relapses and do not show a durable response to ICB suggesting the need for novel therapeutic strategies to modulate the innate or adaptive immune responses.Among immune cells involved in anti-tumor response plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) play a crucial role bridging the innate and adaptive immunity.pDCs are the major type I interferon (I-IFN) producing cells upon nucleic acids sensing through TLR-7/9 signaling pathways.Moreover pDCs can activate the cyclic GMP–AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway upon endogenous DNA sensing eliciting a potent I-IFN production independently of TLR-7/9 pathways.I-IFN is involved in anti-cancer immunity via intrinsic (i.e. cytotoxic effects directly on tumor cells) and extrinsic mechanisms particularly by modulating innate and adaptive immune cells through the production of pro-inflammatory chemokines (e.g. CXCL10).In addition properly activated pDCs are able to directly kill tumor cells.This process is mediated by TNF-alpha related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) expressed on pDCs surface that interacts with TRAIL-R1/DR4 or TRAIL-R2/DR5 expressed on tumor cells.Furthermore lysis of tumor cells can occur through the serine protease granzyme B (GrB) which is strongly produced by human pDCs.However little is known about the modulation of these effector cytotoxic properties of pDCs in the tumor microenvironment (TME).A large set of studies have documented that tumor-associated pDCs (TA-pDCs) recruited to the TME could be hijacked in their functions by immunosuppressive cytokines (e.g. PGE2 IL-10 and TGF-β) and oncometabolites (e.g. lactic acid) produced by the tumor cells or could acquire a tolerogenic phenotype thus allowing tumors to evade the immune system.Preclinical data suggest that the activation of TA-pDCs by TLR-7/9 agonists administration amplifies the local and systemic anti-tumor immune response and promotes tumor cells killing.Accordingly numerous clinical trials highlighted that TLR-7/9 and STING agonists administration individually or in combination with ICB therapies has the potential to stimulate specific T cell response and subsequent tumor regression particularly for patients with MM.Finally pDCs-based cancer vaccines have been shown to increase the frequency of circulating cytotoxic T lymphocytes.However the pDC cell-based therapy for cancer in the clinic is limited due to the rarity of circulating pDCs compartment.In this PhD project the pDCs innate functionality (i.e. expression and production of IFN-α and CXCL10) and cytotoxic effector functionality (i.e. TRAIL and GrB expression) have been evaluated by flow cytometry and ELISA using an in vitro system of human peripheral blood pDCs exposed to CM cell lines supernatants (SN-mel).My findings demonstrated that melanoma secretome significantly impairs pDCs ability to produce IFN-α and CXCL10 via both TLR-7/9 and cGAS-STING signaling pathways.Moreover bulk RNA-seq analysis of SN-mel exposed pDCs suggested that melanoma secretome rewired the pDC transcriptomic profile towards an IFN-defective and tolerogenic state.Further in vitro experiments demonstrated the involvement of lactic acidosis and glucose deprivation by melanoma cells in the glycolytic impairment of pDC.Finally TRAIL and GrB expression in pDCs was reduced after the SN-mel conditioning confirming the RNA-seq data.In perspective these findings could enable to develop novel therapeutic approaches based on the administration of TLR-7/9 and STING agonists together with target therapies and immunotherapies particularly for CM patients in the early-stage in which the pDC compartment is still preserved.Moreover the comprehension of the pDCs effector mechanisms could open new therapeutic windows for cell-therapy
Il successo clinico delle immunoterapie come gli inibitori dei checkpoint immunitari (ICB) ha incrementato la sopravvivenza dei pazienti con melanoma metastatico, anche se la metà di loro sviluppa una recidiva e non mostra una risposta durevole agli ICB suggerendo la necessità di nuove strategie terapeutiche che modulano la risposta immunitaria innata o adattativa.Tra le cellule immunitarie coinvolte nella risposta antitumorale le cellule dendritiche plasmacitoidi (pDC) giocano un ruolo cruciale collegando l’immunità innata e quella adattativa.Le pDC sono le principali cellule produttrici di interferone di tipo I (I-IFN) dopo riconoscimento di acidi nucleici da parte dei recettori TLR-7/9.Inoltre le pDC possono essere attivate tramite cGASSTING dopo il riconoscimento di DNA endogeno per una potente produzione di I-IFN indipendente dai TLR-7/9.I-IFN ha un ruolo nell’immunità antitumorale tramite meccanismi intrinseci (effetti citotossici e citostatici sulle cellule tumorali) ed estrinseci come la modulazione delle cellule dell’immunità innata ed adattativa stimolando la produzione di chemochine proinfiammatorie (es CXCL10).Inoltre le pDC sono in grado di eliminare direttamente le cellule tumorali in seguito ad attivazione.Questo processo è mediato dall’espressione di TRAIL che interagisce con i recettori TRAIL-R1/DR4 e TRAIL-R2/DR5 espressi dalle cellule tumorali.La lisi delle cellule tumorali può avvenire anche attraverso la serina proteasi granzima B (GrB) prodotta ad elevati livelli dalle pDC.Tuttavia i meccanismi di modulazione delle funzioni effettrici citotossiche delle pDC nel tumore sono stati scarsamente descritti.Un gran numero di studi ha documentato che le pDC nel microambiente tumorale possono essere inibite nelle loro funzioni antitumorali mediante citochine immunosoppressorie (PGE2, IL-10, TGF-β) e oncometaboliti (acido lattico) prodotti dalle cellule tumorali o acquisire un fenotipo tolerogenico promuovendo l’immunoevasione e la crescita del tumore.Dati preclinici suggeriscono che l’attivazione con agonisti di TLR-7/9 delle pDC nel tumore amplifica la risposta immunitaria antitumorale locale e sistemica promuovendo l’eliminazione delle cellule tumorali.Inoltre numerosi trials clinici hanno evidenziato che l’uso di agonisti di TLR-7/9 e STING singolarmente o insieme agli ICB può indurre una risposta antitumorale specifica dei linfociti T e una conseguente regressione tumorale in pazienti con melanoma metastatico.Infine i vaccini basati sull’utilizzo delle pDC hanno dimostrato di aumentare i linfociti T circolanti citotossici.Tuttavia l’impiego delle pDC come terapia cellulare nella pratica clinica è limitata dalla loro rarità nel sangue periferico.Nel mio progetto di tesi la funzione innata (espressione e produzione di IFNα e CXCL10) e la funzione effettrice citotossica (espressione di TRAIL e GrB) delle pDC sono state valutate mediante citofluorimetria ed ELISA in un sistema in vitro in cui le pDC sono state esposte a supernatanti di linee di melanoma.I risultati dimostrano che il secretoma del melanoma danneggia significativamente la capacità delle pDC di produrre di IFNα e CXCL10 tramite i TRL-7/9 e STING.Nello stesso sistema in vitro l’analisi RNA-Seq ha suggerito che l’esposizione ai supernatanti di melanoma induce una riprogrammazione delle pDC verso uno stato disfunzionale e tolerogenico.Ulteriori esperimenti hanno dimostrato che questo meccanismo inibitorio è in parte dipendente dalla lattacidosi e dalla deprivazione di glucosio ad opera delle cellule di melanoma che provocano l’inibizione della glicolisi nelle pDC.Inoltre l’espressione di TRAIL e di GrB nelle pDC sono inibite a seguito del condizionamento con i supernatanti a conferma di quanto suggerito dall’analisi RNA-Seq.La comprensione dei meccanismi effettori delle pDC potrebbe aprire nuove prospettive terapeutiche insieme allo sviluppo di nuove terapie basate sull’uso di agonisti di TLR-7/9 o STING
Functional impairment of human plasmacytoid dendritic cells in cutaneous melanoma
Ferrari, Giorgia
2025
Abstract
The clinical success of immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint blockades (ICB) has significantly improved the outcome of patients with metastatic melanoma (MM).Unfortunately half of the surgically resected patients relapses and do not show a durable response to ICB suggesting the need for novel therapeutic strategies to modulate the innate or adaptive immune responses.Among immune cells involved in anti-tumor response plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) play a crucial role bridging the innate and adaptive immunity.pDCs are the major type I interferon (I-IFN) producing cells upon nucleic acids sensing through TLR-7/9 signaling pathways.Moreover pDCs can activate the cyclic GMP–AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway upon endogenous DNA sensing eliciting a potent I-IFN production independently of TLR-7/9 pathways.I-IFN is involved in anti-cancer immunity via intrinsic (i.e. cytotoxic effects directly on tumor cells) and extrinsic mechanisms particularly by modulating innate and adaptive immune cells through the production of pro-inflammatory chemokines (e.g. CXCL10).In addition properly activated pDCs are able to directly kill tumor cells.This process is mediated by TNF-alpha related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) expressed on pDCs surface that interacts with TRAIL-R1/DR4 or TRAIL-R2/DR5 expressed on tumor cells.Furthermore lysis of tumor cells can occur through the serine protease granzyme B (GrB) which is strongly produced by human pDCs.However little is known about the modulation of these effector cytotoxic properties of pDCs in the tumor microenvironment (TME).A large set of studies have documented that tumor-associated pDCs (TA-pDCs) recruited to the TME could be hijacked in their functions by immunosuppressive cytokines (e.g. PGE2 IL-10 and TGF-β) and oncometabolites (e.g. lactic acid) produced by the tumor cells or could acquire a tolerogenic phenotype thus allowing tumors to evade the immune system.Preclinical data suggest that the activation of TA-pDCs by TLR-7/9 agonists administration amplifies the local and systemic anti-tumor immune response and promotes tumor cells killing.Accordingly numerous clinical trials highlighted that TLR-7/9 and STING agonists administration individually or in combination with ICB therapies has the potential to stimulate specific T cell response and subsequent tumor regression particularly for patients with MM.Finally pDCs-based cancer vaccines have been shown to increase the frequency of circulating cytotoxic T lymphocytes.However the pDC cell-based therapy for cancer in the clinic is limited due to the rarity of circulating pDCs compartment.In this PhD project the pDCs innate functionality (i.e. expression and production of IFN-α and CXCL10) and cytotoxic effector functionality (i.e. TRAIL and GrB expression) have been evaluated by flow cytometry and ELISA using an in vitro system of human peripheral blood pDCs exposed to CM cell lines supernatants (SN-mel).My findings demonstrated that melanoma secretome significantly impairs pDCs ability to produce IFN-α and CXCL10 via both TLR-7/9 and cGAS-STING signaling pathways.Moreover bulk RNA-seq analysis of SN-mel exposed pDCs suggested that melanoma secretome rewired the pDC transcriptomic profile towards an IFN-defective and tolerogenic state.Further in vitro experiments demonstrated the involvement of lactic acidosis and glucose deprivation by melanoma cells in the glycolytic impairment of pDC.Finally TRAIL and GrB expression in pDCs was reduced after the SN-mel conditioning confirming the RNA-seq data.In perspective these findings could enable to develop novel therapeutic approaches based on the administration of TLR-7/9 and STING agonists together with target therapies and immunotherapies particularly for CM patients in the early-stage in which the pDC compartment is still preserved.Moreover the comprehension of the pDCs effector mechanisms could open new therapeutic windows for cell-therapyFile | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
TESI Giorgia Ferrari Corretto.pdf
embargo fino al 24/01/2026
Dimensione
43.5 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
43.5 MB | Adobe PDF |
I documenti in UNITESI sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/190469
URN:NBN:IT:UNIBS-190469