The 2020 can be considered a year of great importance for present and future generations marked by the global pandemic known as COVID-19. The impact of this phenomenon is far-reaching and can be traced back to two main aspects concering health and economics. In this pandemic scenario, governments’ ability to avoid the collapse of the economic activities through expansionary policies plays a key role. Indeed, the spread of the virus has triggered important changes in the policies implemented by governments and central banks. Economists agree that governments in Europe and in the United States — the current epicentre of the pandemic — will need to take extraordinary measures to address the disruptive economic consequences of the COVID-19 crisis. Heavy pressure on health systems and the forced cessation of economic activities require massive and urgent emergency action to address the immediate consequences of the crisis. In the aftermath of the emergency phase, governments will need to take further action to prevent the recession from turning into a prolonged depression. Therefore, understanding what is the economic functioning of a Country and understanding how the productive activities and Institutional Sectors interact each other, represents the crucial point in designing the optimal policy measure intervention. In this perspective, the aim of this work is developing a set of instruments able to describe the national and regional characteristics of the economic system and analyse the impact in a general equilibrium framework of the policy measures. In particular, the selection of the analysis approach is related to the features of the observed Country and the target of the policy examined. Since the multisectoral aspects are relevant when analysing policy measures that are selective and differentiated by production processes and Institutional Sectors, the present study develops an Inoperability Extended Multisectoral Model for Italy, a Static CGE Model for Sardinia Region and a Dynamic CGE Model for USA to evaluate the Covid-19 pandemic in these economic systems. More precisely, the first chapter analyses the impact of the lockdown in Italy as stated by the Prime Ministerial Decree of 22 March 2020, through an Inoperabiliy Extended Multisectoral Model (IEMM) based on the Social Accountability Matrix (SAM). Italy was the first European country to experience an outbreak of Covid-19, but it was also the first to activate the lockdown policy on the entire national population, with the aim of limiting contagions. On the basis of the Italian experience, other European and non-European countries have implemented containment policy more or less rapidly, leading Italy to be considered as a model to follow and to the point of being praised by the New York Times in the article “How Italy turned around its Coronavirus calamity”. The aim of the study is therefore to analyse the effects of the lockdown on the Italian economic system, in order to better understand the trade-off effect between health and economy. The IEMM is a linear model, derived from Leontief's model and corrected for the market shares of each productive sector. The block of production, in disaggregated terms, affects the economic system not only through to the productive structure but also according to the relationship in the market among the industries. Moreover, since the model is based on the SAM, it provides for the endogenization of the demand components, through the construction of a matrix of the coefficients of the primary and secondary distribution of income. The model allows estimating the impact of the interruption of production processes on the main macroeconomic components. At the same time it provides a disaggregated impact analysis on value added components, final demand and distribution of income by Institutional Sector. The second chapter proposes the impact analysis of the lockdown on the territory of the Sardinia Region through a Static Computable General Equilibrium model (GGE). This analysis emerges from the exigency to analyse the economic impact of the pandemic at not only national level, but also focusing on the peculiarities of singular Regions that are characterised by different interconnections among production processes, value added generation and Institutional Sectors. Moreover, the pandemic triggered interventions also by Regional Governments that are involved in the process of avoiding the economic collapses of the systems. In this perspective, it becomes crucial to estimate the impact that local and national policy measures will have on territorial economic systems, with the aim of assessing the regulatory mechanisms necessary for the restart of the economic system. The construction of a CGE model for the Sardinia economy allows to relax the linearity and the fixed prices hypotheses, typical of multisectoral analysis. Moreover, the purpose of the analysis is making a precise assessment of the effects of the production interruption on a particular Region, such as Sardinia, whose economic structure is mostly dependent on tourism activities and tourists’ flows. Since the lockdown occurred at the beginning of the tourist season, a dedicated analysis of the economic impact becomes crucial, especially because of the massive cancellation of stays for tourism even after the conclusion of the lockdown. The CGE model is calibrated on the specially constructed SAM for Sardinia. It allows quantifying the direct, indirect and induced impact of the pandemic on the main macroeconomic components in aggregate and disaggregate terms and in real and nominal terms. The third chapter proposes an analysis of the impact of the lockdown on the United States of America through a dynamic computable general economic equilibrium model (DCGE). This is because a further fundamental theme of the economic debate is related to the impact that lockdown can have on the major economic powers and the transmission effects that could be generated on other economies. These economies has the capacity to transfer the effect of the internal crisis on the entire world economic system, and the analysis of the impact in disaggregated terms helps to provide a useful framework to define targeted and not generalized intervention measures. An analysis was therefore carried out to quantify the effect of the production block in the USA, through the elaboration of a dynamic CGE based on the SAM built ad hoc for the USA for the year 2017. Unlike the static CGE model, dynamism makes it possible to capture the dragging effect of the economic shock in subsequent years. A period not exceeding 5 years is considered because this represents the time laps where the same dynamism is plausible and the accumulation of capital can be modelled using constant parameters as for the growth rate of the economic system and interest rate. The joint analysis conducted demonstrated the relevance of using a multisectoral approach especially for the construction of the simulation scenarios that are characterised by the introduction of shocks for selected production processes. Moreover, the different approach used for each case study allowed to evaluate the impact of the lockdown policy, both at national and regional level, with respect to the individual components of demand, but also with respect to the generation, primary and secondary distribution of income in the Institutional Sectors; the analyses have made it possible to highlight the critical points of each economic system taken into consideration, providing useful suggestions for policy makers to implement targeted economic policy measures in order to contain the crisis.
L’anno 2020 può essere considerato di grande importanza per le generazioni presenti e future, segnato dalla pandemia globale da COVID-19. L'impatto del fenomeno è di ampia portata e può essere ricondotto a due aspetti principali: salute ed economia. In questo scenario, gioca un ruolo fondamentale la capacità dei governi di evitare il collasso delle attività economiche attraverso politiche espansive. La diffusione del virus ha infatti innescato importanti cambiamenti nelle politiche attuate dai governi e dalle banche centrali. Gli economisti concordano sul fatto che i governi in Europa e negli USA - l'attuale epicentro della pandemia - dovranno adottare misure straordinarie per affrontare le conseguenze economiche dirompenti della crisi da COVID-19. La forte pressione sui sistemi sanitari e la cessazione forzata delle attività economiche richiedono un'azione di emergenza massiccia e urgente per affrontare le conseguenze immediate della crisi. All'indomani della fase di emergenza, i governi dovranno intraprendere ulteriori azioni per evitare che la recessione si trasformi in una prolungata depressione. Pertanto, comprendere qual è il funzionamento economico di un Paese e capire come le attività produttive e i settori istituzionali interagiscono tra loro, rappresenta il punto cruciale nella progettazione dell'intervento di misura ottimale. L'obiettivo di questo lavoro è quello di sviluppare un insieme di strumenti in grado di descrivere le caratteristiche nazionali e regionali del sistema economico e di analizzare l'impatto delle misure politiche in un quadro di equilibrio generale. In particolare, la scelta dell'approccio di analisi è legata alle caratteristiche del Paese osservato e all'obiettivo della politica esaminata. Poiché gli aspetti multisettoriali sono rilevanti nell'analisi di misure di politica selettive e differenziate per processi produttivi e Settori Istituzionali, il presente studio sviluppa un modello Multisettoriale Esteso di Inoperbaility per l'Italia, un modello CGE statico per la Regione Sardegna e un modello CGE dinamico per gli USA, al fine di valutare la pandemia da Covid-19 in questi sistemi economici. Più precisamente, il primo capitolo analizza l'impatto del blocco produttivo in Italia come previsto dal DPCM del 22 marzo 2020, attraverso un Modello Multisettoriale Esteso di Inoperability (IEMM), basato sulla Matrice di Contabilità Sociale (SAM). L'Italia è stato il primo Paese europeo a sperimentare un focloaio da Covid-19, ma è stato anche il primo ad attivare la politica di lockdown su tutta la popolazione nazionale, con l'obiettivo di limitare i contagi. Sulla base dell'esperienza italiana, altri Paesi europei ed extraeuropei hanno attuato, più o meno rapidamente, la stessa politica di contenimento, portando l'Italia ad essere considerata un modello da seguire e al punto da essere elogiata dal New York Times nell'articolo "How Italy turnerd around its Coronavirus calamity". L'obiettivo dello studio è quindi quello di analizzare gli effetti del blocco sul sistema economico italiano, al fine di comprendere meglio l'effetto di trade-off tra salute ed economia. L'IEMM è un modello lineare, derivato dal modello di Leontief e corretto per le quote di mercato di ogni settore produttivo. Il blocco della produzione, in termini disaggregati, influenza il sistema economico non solo attraverso la struttura produttiva ma anche secondo il rapporto di mercato tra le attività produttive. Inoltre, essendo il modello basato sulla SAM, prevede l'endogenizzazione delle componenti della domanda, attraverso la costruzione di una matrice dei coefficienti della distribuzione primaria e secondaria del reddito. Il modello permette di stimare l'impatto, sulle principali componenti macroeconomiche, dell'interruzione dei processi produttivi. Allo stesso tempo fornisce un'analisi d'impatto disaggregata sulle componenti del valore aggiunto, della domanda finale e della distribuzione del reddito per Settore Istituzionale. Il secondo capitolo propone l'analisi di impatto del blocco sul territorio della Regione Sardegna attraverso un modello statico di Equilibrio Economico Generale Computabile (GGE). Tale analisi emerge dall'esigenza di analizzare l'impatto economico della pandemia non solo a livello nazionale, ma anche di mettere a fuoco le peculiarità di singole Regioni caratterizzate da diverse interconnessioni tra processi produttivi, generazione di valore aggiunto e Settori Istituzionali. Inoltre, la pandemia ha innescato interventi anche da parte delle Regioni che sono coinvolte nel processo di prevenzione dei crolli dei sistemi economici. In questa prospettiva, diventa fondamentale stimare l'impatto che le misure di politica locale e nazionale avranno sui sistemi economici territoriali, con l'obiettivo di valutare i meccanismi di regolazione necessari alla ripartenza. La costruzione di un modello CGE per l'economia della Sardegna permette di allentare la linearità e le ipotesi di prezzi fissi, tipiche dell'analisi multisettoriale. Inoltre, lo scopo dell'analisi è quello di valutare con precisione gli effetti dell'interruzione della produzione su una particolare Regione, come la Sardegna, la cui struttura economica dipende in gran parte dalle attività turistiche e dai flussi turistici. Poiché il blocco è avvenuto all'inizio della stagione turistica, un'analisi dedicata dell'impatto economico diventa cruciale, soprattutto a causa della massiccia cancellazione dei soggiorni per turismo anche dopo la conclusione del blocco. Il modello CGE è calibrato sulla SAM appositamente costruita per la Sardegna. Esso permette di quantificare l'impatto diretto, indiretto e indotto della pandemia sulle principali componenti macroeconomiche in termini aggregati e disaggregati e in termini reali e nominali. Il terzo capitolo propone un'analisi dell'impatto del lockdown sugli Stati Uniti d'America attraverso un modello dinamico di Equilibrio Economico Generale Computabile (DCGE). Questo in quanto un ulteriore tema fondamentale del dibattito economico è legato all'impatto che il lockdown può avere sulle maggiori potenze economiche e agli effetti di trasmissione che potrebbero essere generati sulle altre economie. Tali economie infatti hanno la capacità di trasferire l'effetto della crisi interna sull'intero sistema economico mondiale e l'analisi dell'impatto in termini disaggregati contribuisce a fornire un utile quadro di riferimento per definire misure di intervento mirate e non generalizzate. È stata quindi effettuata un'analisi per quantificare l'effetto del blocco produttivo negli USA, attraverso l'elaborazione di un CGE dinamico basato sulla SAM del 2017 costruita ad hoc. A differenza del modello CGE statico, la dinamicità permette di cogliere l'effetto di trascinamento dello shock economico negli anni successivi. Si considera un periodo non superiore a 5 anni in quanto rappresenta il lasso di tempo in cui la stessa dinamicità è plausibile, e l'accumulo di capitale può essere modellato utilizzando parametri costanti come il tasso di crescita del sistema economico e il tasso di interesse. L'analisi congiunta condotta ha dimostrato l'importanza di utilizzare un approccio multisettoriale soprattutto per la costruzione degli scenari di simulazione che sono caratterizzati dall'introduzione di shock per processi produttivi selezionati. Inoltre, il diverso approccio utilizzato per ogni caso studio ha permesso di valutare l'impatto della politica di lockdown, sia a livello nazionale che regionale, rispetto alle singole componenti della domanda, ma anche rispetto alla generazione, alla distribuzione primaria e secondaria del reddito nei Settori Istituzionali; le analisi hanno permesso di evidenziare le criticità di ogni sistema economico preso in considerazione, fornendo utili suggerimenti destinati ai policy maker per attuare misure di politica economica mirate al contenimento della crisi.
COVID-19: TRADE-OFF BETWEEN HEALTH AND ECONOMICS
DERIU, STEFANO
2021
Abstract
The 2020 can be considered a year of great importance for present and future generations marked by the global pandemic known as COVID-19. The impact of this phenomenon is far-reaching and can be traced back to two main aspects concering health and economics. In this pandemic scenario, governments’ ability to avoid the collapse of the economic activities through expansionary policies plays a key role. Indeed, the spread of the virus has triggered important changes in the policies implemented by governments and central banks. Economists agree that governments in Europe and in the United States — the current epicentre of the pandemic — will need to take extraordinary measures to address the disruptive economic consequences of the COVID-19 crisis. Heavy pressure on health systems and the forced cessation of economic activities require massive and urgent emergency action to address the immediate consequences of the crisis. In the aftermath of the emergency phase, governments will need to take further action to prevent the recession from turning into a prolonged depression. Therefore, understanding what is the economic functioning of a Country and understanding how the productive activities and Institutional Sectors interact each other, represents the crucial point in designing the optimal policy measure intervention. In this perspective, the aim of this work is developing a set of instruments able to describe the national and regional characteristics of the economic system and analyse the impact in a general equilibrium framework of the policy measures. In particular, the selection of the analysis approach is related to the features of the observed Country and the target of the policy examined. Since the multisectoral aspects are relevant when analysing policy measures that are selective and differentiated by production processes and Institutional Sectors, the present study develops an Inoperability Extended Multisectoral Model for Italy, a Static CGE Model for Sardinia Region and a Dynamic CGE Model for USA to evaluate the Covid-19 pandemic in these economic systems. More precisely, the first chapter analyses the impact of the lockdown in Italy as stated by the Prime Ministerial Decree of 22 March 2020, through an Inoperabiliy Extended Multisectoral Model (IEMM) based on the Social Accountability Matrix (SAM). Italy was the first European country to experience an outbreak of Covid-19, but it was also the first to activate the lockdown policy on the entire national population, with the aim of limiting contagions. On the basis of the Italian experience, other European and non-European countries have implemented containment policy more or less rapidly, leading Italy to be considered as a model to follow and to the point of being praised by the New York Times in the article “How Italy turned around its Coronavirus calamity”. The aim of the study is therefore to analyse the effects of the lockdown on the Italian economic system, in order to better understand the trade-off effect between health and economy. The IEMM is a linear model, derived from Leontief's model and corrected for the market shares of each productive sector. The block of production, in disaggregated terms, affects the economic system not only through to the productive structure but also according to the relationship in the market among the industries. Moreover, since the model is based on the SAM, it provides for the endogenization of the demand components, through the construction of a matrix of the coefficients of the primary and secondary distribution of income. The model allows estimating the impact of the interruption of production processes on the main macroeconomic components. At the same time it provides a disaggregated impact analysis on value added components, final demand and distribution of income by Institutional Sector. The second chapter proposes the impact analysis of the lockdown on the territory of the Sardinia Region through a Static Computable General Equilibrium model (GGE). This analysis emerges from the exigency to analyse the economic impact of the pandemic at not only national level, but also focusing on the peculiarities of singular Regions that are characterised by different interconnections among production processes, value added generation and Institutional Sectors. Moreover, the pandemic triggered interventions also by Regional Governments that are involved in the process of avoiding the economic collapses of the systems. In this perspective, it becomes crucial to estimate the impact that local and national policy measures will have on territorial economic systems, with the aim of assessing the regulatory mechanisms necessary for the restart of the economic system. The construction of a CGE model for the Sardinia economy allows to relax the linearity and the fixed prices hypotheses, typical of multisectoral analysis. Moreover, the purpose of the analysis is making a precise assessment of the effects of the production interruption on a particular Region, such as Sardinia, whose economic structure is mostly dependent on tourism activities and tourists’ flows. Since the lockdown occurred at the beginning of the tourist season, a dedicated analysis of the economic impact becomes crucial, especially because of the massive cancellation of stays for tourism even after the conclusion of the lockdown. The CGE model is calibrated on the specially constructed SAM for Sardinia. It allows quantifying the direct, indirect and induced impact of the pandemic on the main macroeconomic components in aggregate and disaggregate terms and in real and nominal terms. The third chapter proposes an analysis of the impact of the lockdown on the United States of America through a dynamic computable general economic equilibrium model (DCGE). This is because a further fundamental theme of the economic debate is related to the impact that lockdown can have on the major economic powers and the transmission effects that could be generated on other economies. These economies has the capacity to transfer the effect of the internal crisis on the entire world economic system, and the analysis of the impact in disaggregated terms helps to provide a useful framework to define targeted and not generalized intervention measures. An analysis was therefore carried out to quantify the effect of the production block in the USA, through the elaboration of a dynamic CGE based on the SAM built ad hoc for the USA for the year 2017. Unlike the static CGE model, dynamism makes it possible to capture the dragging effect of the economic shock in subsequent years. A period not exceeding 5 years is considered because this represents the time laps where the same dynamism is plausible and the accumulation of capital can be modelled using constant parameters as for the growth rate of the economic system and interest rate. The joint analysis conducted demonstrated the relevance of using a multisectoral approach especially for the construction of the simulation scenarios that are characterised by the introduction of shocks for selected production processes. Moreover, the different approach used for each case study allowed to evaluate the impact of the lockdown policy, both at national and regional level, with respect to the individual components of demand, but also with respect to the generation, primary and secondary distribution of income in the Institutional Sectors; the analyses have made it possible to highlight the critical points of each economic system taken into consideration, providing useful suggestions for policy makers to implement targeted economic policy measures in order to contain the crisis.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/190681
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMC-190681