The work represents an attempt of application of some of the most fundamental tools of “2nd generation” Cognitive Linguistics to phonology, a level of language that has been only partially investigated, through years, in this framework. Starting from the intrinsic problematicity of the segmental model, which clearly emerges in the works of Albano Leoni, we asked ourselves if the cognitivist perspective, mostly via schemas (Langacker and others) and conceptual metaphors (Laoff-Johnson and others), could help in some way to clarify the troublesome relationship between semantics/sense and second-articulation phonetic/phonological elements. Two pivotal case studies attempt the application of theoretical cognitivist models to the concrete phonetic-phonological reality. In the first case study, we used a schematic model, that we called “Bybee-Nesset” (BN) model, to analyze the apparently non-casual distribution of acceptability of Italian variants (for the standard) ‘tran[s]/tran[z]’, testing the words ‘TRANSIZIONE-TRANSAZIONE-TRANSITO-TRANSETTO-TRANSEUNTE’. Data which came out from the answers of 210 candidates has been related to the word-frequency of ‘trans-’ forms in the mental lexicon of Italian speakers/listeners (CoLFIS data), and later considered through the BN model. Results suggest that predictable phonetic (non-phonemic) detail is registered in the lexicon, with evidently different degree of distribution depending on the single lexical unit, being the segmental phonetic context unvaried; moreover, prototype-effects and schematic hierarchy seem to play an important role in the coherent organization of schematic phonological nets, also in respect of the sematic content of each word (or groups of words) carrying the phonetic variants. In the second case study, we collected data about the interrogative ‘ma’ particle in Mandarin Chinese (usually considered without tone), in the ‘yes-no’ questions of Chinese. We tested to what extent Chinese language can exploit the final rising intonation to mark the interrogatives, in normal and hyper-articulated conditions. Results show the existence of that possibility in Chinese, consistently with the UNKNOWN IS UP metaphor, even in a language where lexical tones are generally predetermined (and so, intonational patterns of this kind could be presumably ruled out by grammar). These results have been discussed in the theoretical framework of Metaphor Theory in respect to the three prosodic factors (length, height, intensity), as they interact in Italian, English, and Chinese. The analysis suggests that prosodic variation, at the utterance level, could be cognitively motivated (and non-arbitrary) by cognitive metaphorical devices. These could be structured as a ‘chain’ or ‘matrix’, with different motivation outcomes, and it seems that they intervene even at the segmental level, in the case of shibboleths, when a segment (or more than one) turns out diagnostic of ethnicity or, in general, social identity, evoking simultaneously conceptual domains and inferences that could hardly be considered non-meaningful. The contribution of this work to the debate concerning the relationship between semantics and phonology is definitely a partial one, as partial are the phonological aspects investigated, compared to a desirable exhaustive theoretical apparatus. Nevertheless, we wish that the “cues” contained in this work could prove themselves useful as ways of a plausible cognitive phonology approach, even in the case that further developments would take opposite directions in respect of the ones we have pursued.
Il lavoro costituisce un tentativo di applicazione di alcuni strumenti fondamentali della Cognitive Linguistics di seconda generazione alla fonologia, un livello negli anni solo parzialmente indagato da tale indirizzo teorico. A partire dalle criticità intrinseche al paradigma segmentale, emerse nitidamente grazie ai lavori di Albano Leoni, ci siamo chiesti se la prospettiva cognitivista, soprattutto attraverso gli schemi (Langacker ed altri) e le metafore concettuali (Lakoff-Johnson ed altri), potesse in qualche modo contribuire a colmare il divario tra la sfera del significato e del senso e quella della seconda articolazione riguardante la fonologia. Due casi di studio pivotali tentano di mostrare l’applicabilità di modelli teorici cognitivisti a concrete realtà fonetico-fonologiche. Nel primo caso di studio, un modello a schemi, da noi denominato “Bybee-Nesset” (BN), è stato utilizzato per analizzare la distribuzione dell’accettabilità apparentemente non casuale delle varianti italiane (all’interno dello standard) tran[s]/tran[z] nelle parole TRANSIZIONE-TRANSAZIONE-TRANSITO-TRANSETTO-TRANSEUNTE. I dati ricavati dai 210 candidati sono stati confrontati con la frequenza delle forme contenenti trans- nel lessico mentale dei parlanti (dati CoLFIS), e successivamente indagati attraverso il modello BN. I risultati sembrano suggerire che il dettaglio fonetico predicibile (non fonematico) sia registrato nel lessico, con differenze sensibili tra le diverse unità lessicali a parità di contesto fonetico; inoltre, effetti prototipo e gerarchia schematica sembrano influenzare in maniera determinante un’organizzazione cognitiva coerente, strutturata in reti schematiche, della sostanza fonica, ancorata anche al significato delle unità che contengono il dettaglio fonetico. Nel secondo caso di studio, abbiamo raccolto dati sull’altezza tonale della particella interrogativa enclitica “ma” (tipicamente atona) nelle interrogative polari del cinese mandarino. Abbiamo verificato in quale misura, in condizioni normali e di iperarticolazione delle domande, il mandarino possa avvalersi dell’intonazione ascendente per marcare le interrogative polari. I risultati evidenziano una disponibilità dell’intonazione ascendente per questo tipo di interrogative (coerentemente con la metafora L’IGNOTO È SU/IN ALTO) anche in una lingua che prevede toni lessicali preassegnati. Questi risultati sono stati analizzati nella cornice teorica della Metaphor Theory, applicata ai tre fattori prosodici (durata, altezza, intensità), relativamente a italiano, inglese e cinese. Quanto emerso ci spinge a suggerire che nella fonologia soprasegmentale al livello di frase la variazione dei tre fattori prosodici possa essere cognitivamente motivata (e non arbitraria) attraverso dispositivi metaforici. Questi ultimi, strutturati “a catena” o “a matrice”, con esiti di motivazione differenti, intervengono presumibilmente anche al livello segmentale, nel caso degli shibboleth, ovvero quando un segmento (o più di uno) diviene diagnostico dell’appartenenza ad un gruppo etnico, o più in generale ad un gruppo sociale definito, evocando inferenze e domini concettuali che difficilmente farebbero ritenere un segmento isolabile un elemento asemantico. Il contributo del lavoro al dibattito sul rapporto tra semantica e fonologia è del tutto parziale, come parziali sono gli aspetti fonologici di cui si occupa, rispetto ad un desiderabile quadro teorico complessivo di fonologia cognitiva. L’auspicio è che gli “indizi” raccolti in questo studio possano costituire sentieri di ricerca verso una fonologia cognitiva percorribile, anche in direzioni opposte a quelle da noi intraprese.
Percorsi di linguistica cognitiva e fonologia: schemi e metafore concettuali nell’organizzazione e motivazione del suono linguistico
SANTONI, NICOLA
2020
Abstract
The work represents an attempt of application of some of the most fundamental tools of “2nd generation” Cognitive Linguistics to phonology, a level of language that has been only partially investigated, through years, in this framework. Starting from the intrinsic problematicity of the segmental model, which clearly emerges in the works of Albano Leoni, we asked ourselves if the cognitivist perspective, mostly via schemas (Langacker and others) and conceptual metaphors (Laoff-Johnson and others), could help in some way to clarify the troublesome relationship between semantics/sense and second-articulation phonetic/phonological elements. Two pivotal case studies attempt the application of theoretical cognitivist models to the concrete phonetic-phonological reality. In the first case study, we used a schematic model, that we called “Bybee-Nesset” (BN) model, to analyze the apparently non-casual distribution of acceptability of Italian variants (for the standard) ‘tran[s]/tran[z]’, testing the words ‘TRANSIZIONE-TRANSAZIONE-TRANSITO-TRANSETTO-TRANSEUNTE’. Data which came out from the answers of 210 candidates has been related to the word-frequency of ‘trans-’ forms in the mental lexicon of Italian speakers/listeners (CoLFIS data), and later considered through the BN model. Results suggest that predictable phonetic (non-phonemic) detail is registered in the lexicon, with evidently different degree of distribution depending on the single lexical unit, being the segmental phonetic context unvaried; moreover, prototype-effects and schematic hierarchy seem to play an important role in the coherent organization of schematic phonological nets, also in respect of the sematic content of each word (or groups of words) carrying the phonetic variants. In the second case study, we collected data about the interrogative ‘ma’ particle in Mandarin Chinese (usually considered without tone), in the ‘yes-no’ questions of Chinese. We tested to what extent Chinese language can exploit the final rising intonation to mark the interrogatives, in normal and hyper-articulated conditions. Results show the existence of that possibility in Chinese, consistently with the UNKNOWN IS UP metaphor, even in a language where lexical tones are generally predetermined (and so, intonational patterns of this kind could be presumably ruled out by grammar). These results have been discussed in the theoretical framework of Metaphor Theory in respect to the three prosodic factors (length, height, intensity), as they interact in Italian, English, and Chinese. The analysis suggests that prosodic variation, at the utterance level, could be cognitively motivated (and non-arbitrary) by cognitive metaphorical devices. These could be structured as a ‘chain’ or ‘matrix’, with different motivation outcomes, and it seems that they intervene even at the segmental level, in the case of shibboleths, when a segment (or more than one) turns out diagnostic of ethnicity or, in general, social identity, evoking simultaneously conceptual domains and inferences that could hardly be considered non-meaningful. The contribution of this work to the debate concerning the relationship between semantics and phonology is definitely a partial one, as partial are the phonological aspects investigated, compared to a desirable exhaustive theoretical apparatus. Nevertheless, we wish that the “cues” contained in this work could prove themselves useful as ways of a plausible cognitive phonology approach, even in the case that further developments would take opposite directions in respect of the ones we have pursued.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/190683
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMC-190683