Alzheimer disease (AD) is a multifactorial and age-dependent neurodegenerative disorder, whose pathogenesis, classically associated with the formation of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), is also dependent on oxidative stress and neuroinflammation chronicization. Currently, the standard symptomatic therapy, based on acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, showed a limited therapeutic potential, whereas disease-modifying treatment strategies are still under extensive research.Previous studies have demonstrated that Oxotremorine-M (Oxo), a non-selective muscarinic acetylcholine receptors agonist, is able to 1) transactivate Fibroblast growth factor 2 receptor and increase neurite length in primary hippocampal neurons; 2) improve stress-induced anxious behavior and enhance the levels of neurotrophic factors in the rat brain; 3) modulate Heat shock protein expression, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in the rat hippocampus.Based on this background, the present study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of Oxo treatment in both an in vitro model of AD, represented by differentiated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells exposed to Aβ1-42 peptide, and in an in vivo rat model of AD, induced by intra-hippocampal Aβ1-42 peptide injection.The in vitro results demonstrated that Oxo treatment enhances cell survival, increases neurite length, and counteracts DNA fragmentation induced by Aβ1-42 peptide. The same treatment is also able to block oxidative stress and mitochondria morphological/functional impairment associated with Aβ1-42 cell exposure. These findings were further substantiated by in vivo experiments, where Oxo treatment not only alleviates Aβ1-42-induced oxidative stress but also exhibits an anti-inflammatory activity and recovers cognitive functions impaired by amyloid-β injection.All these data together highlight the key role of muscarinic receptors in AD pathology, and underscore the potential of Oxo as a novel multi-target therapeutic agent capable of providing a synergistic approach for treating AD.
La malattia di Alzheimer (AD) è un disturbo neurodegenerativo multifattoriale legato all’età, la cui patogenesi, tradizionalmente associata alla formazione di placche senili e grovigli neurofibrillari (NFTs), è influenzata anche dallo stress ossidativo e dalla cronicizzazione della neuroinfiammazione. Attualmente, la terapia sintomatica standard, basata sugli inibitori dell'acetilcolinesterasi, offre un beneficio terapeutico limitato, mentre le strategie di trattamento in grado di modificare il decorso della malattia sono ancora oggetto di approfondita ricerca.Studi precedenti hanno dimostrato che l’Oxotremorina (Oxo), un agonista non selettivo dei recettori muscarinici dell’acetilcolina, è in grado di: a) trans-attivare il recettore del Fattore di Crescita dei Fibroblasti 2, favorendo l’allungamento dei neuriti nei neuroni ippocampali primari; b) ridurre i comportamenti ansiosi indotti dallo stress e aumentare i livelli di fattori neurotrofici nel cervello del ratto; c) modulare l'espressione delle proteine da shock termico (Heat Shock Proteins), la neuroinfiammazione e lo stress ossidativo nell'ippocampo di ratto.Partendo da queste evidenze, il presente studio ha analizzato gli effetti neuroprotettivi del trattamento con Oxo in un modello in vitro di AD, rappresentato da cellule di neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y differenziate ed esposte al peptide Aβ1-42, e in un modello in vivo di AD nel ratto, indotto tramite iniezione intra-ippocampale dello stesso peptide.I risultati in vitro hanno dimostrato che il trattamento con Oxo favorisce la sopravvivenza cellulare, promuove l’allungamento dei neuriti e contrasta la frammentazione del DNA indotta dal peptide Aβ1-42. Inoltre, lo stesso trattamento è in grado di prevenire lo stress ossidativo e il danno morfologico e funzionale dei mitocondri causato dall'esposizione ad Aβ1-42. Questi dati sono stati confermati anche dagli esperimenti in vivo, dove il trattamento con Oxo non solo riduce lo stress ossidativo indotto da Aβ1-42, ma esercita anche un’azione antinfiammatoria e ripristina le funzioni cognitive compromesse dall’accumulo di β-amiloide.Nel complesso, questi risultati evidenziano il ruolo chiave dei recettori muscarinici nella patogenesi dell’AD e sottolineano il potenziale dell’Oxo come nuovo agente terapeutico multi-target, capace di offrire un approccio sinergico per il trattamento della malattia di Alzheimer.
Neuroprotective and antioxidant properties of Oxotremorine-M, a non selective muscarinic acetylcholine receptors agonist, in cellular and animal models of Alzheimer disease
SCORDINO, Miriana
2025
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a multifactorial and age-dependent neurodegenerative disorder, whose pathogenesis, classically associated with the formation of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), is also dependent on oxidative stress and neuroinflammation chronicization. Currently, the standard symptomatic therapy, based on acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, showed a limited therapeutic potential, whereas disease-modifying treatment strategies are still under extensive research.Previous studies have demonstrated that Oxotremorine-M (Oxo), a non-selective muscarinic acetylcholine receptors agonist, is able to 1) transactivate Fibroblast growth factor 2 receptor and increase neurite length in primary hippocampal neurons; 2) improve stress-induced anxious behavior and enhance the levels of neurotrophic factors in the rat brain; 3) modulate Heat shock protein expression, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in the rat hippocampus.Based on this background, the present study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of Oxo treatment in both an in vitro model of AD, represented by differentiated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells exposed to Aβ1-42 peptide, and in an in vivo rat model of AD, induced by intra-hippocampal Aβ1-42 peptide injection.The in vitro results demonstrated that Oxo treatment enhances cell survival, increases neurite length, and counteracts DNA fragmentation induced by Aβ1-42 peptide. The same treatment is also able to block oxidative stress and mitochondria morphological/functional impairment associated with Aβ1-42 cell exposure. These findings were further substantiated by in vivo experiments, where Oxo treatment not only alleviates Aβ1-42-induced oxidative stress but also exhibits an anti-inflammatory activity and recovers cognitive functions impaired by amyloid-β injection.All these data together highlight the key role of muscarinic receptors in AD pathology, and underscore the potential of Oxo as a novel multi-target therapeutic agent capable of providing a synergistic approach for treating AD.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
PhDthesis_SCORDINO_10.02.25 COMPLETA.pdf
embargo fino al 31/01/2026
Dimensione
4.41 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
4.41 MB | Adobe PDF |
I documenti in UNITESI sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/190749
URN:NBN:IT:UNIPA-190749