Plant seeds are characterized by a wide diversity of microbial communities which interact with the plant during its development. Seed associated microbial community is influenced by genotype, environmental condition and crop management practices and may promote plant growth and act as biological control agent. Understanding assembly, composition, structure and functional attributes of seed associated microorganisms are crucial for enhancing sustainable agricultural productivity. The purpose of this PhD project was to gain knowledge on seed associated bacterial endophytes for agricultural and biotechnological applications. In this study, we analysed the bacterial communities associated to the seed endosphere of eight Brassica genotypes collected in Sicily, including cultivated and wild species. In particular, the structure and composition of bacterial endophytes of seed lots of Brassica oleracea var. medullosa, B. o. var. botrytis from three different harvesting times. B. o. var. acephala and B. o. var. italica, as well as the wild species B. fruticulosa, were studied in comparison with those associated with commercial seed lots of B. o. var. italica cv. Calabrese Natalino. Metabarcoding analysis based on a region of the ribosomal RNA operon revealed differences in bacterial communities mainly influenced by genotype. Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum (60%), followed by Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidota (2-9%). Alpha and beta diversity analysis revealed differences in seed associated bacterial communities between Brassica genotype and commercial seed sample showing the lowest ASV richness and diversity.The culture-depending approach was used with the aim of isolating a collection of endophytic bacteria with potential growth-promoting and/or biocontrol activity, to be exploited for biotechnological application in agriculture. In total, 110 culturable bacterial endophytes were collected from seed samples after surface-sterilization and a set of sixty-nine isolates were identified based on sequencing of partial 16S rRNA gene fragment. About 70% of bacterial endophytes belonged to phylum Firmicutes, followed by Proteobacteria (23%), Actinobacteria (6%), and Bacteroidota (1%) including 10 orders, 15 families and 27 genera. The most abundant genera were Staphylococcus (22%), Bacillus (14%), Niallia (10%) and Pseudomonas (9%). Phenotyping for plant growth-promoting (PGP) activities revealed the endophytes produced ACC-deaminase (61.5%), siderophores (33.6%), ammonia (55.4%), were able to solubilize phosphate (37.7%) and grow in presence of different percentage of NaCl. Furthermore, in vitro assay for antimicrobial activity against fungal and bacterial species, including seed-borne brassica pathogens, showed a variable response according to pathogen tested with a percentage of antagonistic bacteria ranged from 2.7% to 13.6%. Four isolated belonging to Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp. showed antimicrobial activity against all pathogens. A study model represented by the pathosystem Xanthomonas campestris-Brassicaceae was selected to study the effect of application on broccoli seed (seed bio-priming) or soil of ten shortlisted bacterial endophytes on plant resistance induction. The endophytes belonging to Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. enhanced initial step of broccoli development by increasing seed germination and/or reducing incidence and severity of black rot and leaf spot diseases of Brassicaceae caused by X.s campestris pv. campestris and X. campestris pv. raphani respectively. A bioluminescent trans-conjugant strain of X. campestris pv. campestris was used to visualize the interaction between endophytes-broccoli-pathogen. Moreover, the genomes of 10 endophytes were sequenced. The results revealed the presence of numerous gene clusters related to the production of secondary metabolites with antimicrobial activity.
I semi sono caratterizzati da un'ampia diversità di comunità microbiche che interagiscono con la pianta durante il suo sviluppo. La comunità microbica associata ai semi è influenzata dal genotipo, dalle condizioni ambientali e dalle pratiche di gestione delle colture e svolge un ruolo fondamentale per lo sviluppo della pianta nel miglioramento della resilienza delle colture a stress biotici e abiotici. Comprendere l'assemblaggio, la composizione e la struttura dei microrganismi associati ai semi è fondamentale per migliorare la produttività agricola in modo sostenibile. Lo scopo del progetto di dottorato è stato acquisire conoscenze sugli endofiti batterici associati ai semi per potenziali applicazioni biotecnologiche in agricoltura. In questo studio, sono state analizzate le comunità batteriche associate all'endosfera di semi appartenenti a otto genotipi di Brassica raccolti in Sicilia, considerando sia specie coltivate che selvatiche. In particolare, sono state studiate la struttura e la composizione degli endofiti batterici di lotti di semi di Brassica oleracea var. medullosa, B. o. var. botrytis da tre diverse epoche di raccolta, B. o. var. acephala e B. o. var. italica, così come della specie selvatica Brassica fruticulosa, in confronto con la composizione microbica associata a lotti di semi commerciali appartenenti a B. o. var. italica cv. Calabrese Natalino. L'analisi metabarcoding basata su una regione dell'operone dell'RNA ribosomiale ha rivelato differenze nelle comunità batteriche principalmente influenzate dal genotipo. Il phylum dominante è risultato essere Proteobacteria (60%), seguito da Firmicutes, Actinobacteria e Bacteroidota (2-9%). L'analisi della diversità alfa e beta ha evidenziato differenze tra la specie commerciale e gli altri genotipi. L'approccio dipendente dalla coltura è stato utilizzato con l'obiettivo di isolare una collezione di batteri endofiti con potenziale attività di promozione della crescita e/o di biocontrollo, da sfruttare per applicazioni biotecnologiche. In totale, 110 batteri endofiti sono stati isolati da campioni di semi dopo sterilizzazione superficiale e sessantanove di essi sono stati identificati sulla base del sequenziamento di un frammento parziale del gene 16S rRNA. Circa il 70% degli endofiti batterici apparteneva al phylum Firmicutes, seguito da Proteobacteria (23%), Actinobacteria (6%) e Bacteroidota (1%). I generi maggiormente rappresentati erano Staphylococcus (22%), Bacillus (14%), Niallia (10%) e Pseudomonas (9%). La fenotipizzazione per attività di promozione della crescita (PGP) ha rivelato che gli endofiti producevano ACC-deaminasi (61,5%), siderofori (33,6%) ed ammoniaca (55,4%), solubilizzavano il fosfato (37,7%) ed erano in grado di crescere in presenza di diverse concentrazioni di NaCl. L’'attività antimicrobica in vitro contro specie fungine e batteriche, inclusi patogeni delle Brassicaceae trasmessi per seme, ha mostrato una risposta variabile a seconda del patogeno testato, con una percentuale di batteri antagonisti compresa tra il 2,7% e il 13,6%. Quattro isolati appartenenti a Pseudomonas sp. e Bacillus sp. hanno mostrato attività antimicrobica contro tutti i patogeni. Un modello di studio rappresentato dal patosistema Xanthomonas campestris-Brassicaceae (broccoli) è stato selezionato per studiare l'effetto dell’applicazione ai semi (seed bio-priming) o al suolo di una selezione di dieci endofiti, sull'induzione di resistenza della pianta in risposta a uno stress biotico. Nelle prove in vaso, Bacillus sp. e Pseudomonas sp. hanno aumentando la germinazione dei semi e/o hanno ridotto l'incidenza e la gravità dei sintomi indotti a X. campestris pv. campestris e X. campestris pv. raphani. Un ceppo trans-coniugante bioluminescente di X. campestris pv. campestris è stato utilizzato per visualizzare l'interazione tra endofiti-broccoli-X. campestris pv. campestris. Inoltre, i genomi di 10 endofiti sono stati sequenziati rilevando la presenza di numerosi cluster genici legati alla produzione di metaboliti secondari con attività antimicrobica.
Studio delle comunità microbiche associate all'endosfera di semi di Brassicaceae e selezione di batteri endofiti utili nel contenimento delle malattie batteriche da Xanthomonas campestris
BOVA, NICASIO
2025
Abstract
Plant seeds are characterized by a wide diversity of microbial communities which interact with the plant during its development. Seed associated microbial community is influenced by genotype, environmental condition and crop management practices and may promote plant growth and act as biological control agent. Understanding assembly, composition, structure and functional attributes of seed associated microorganisms are crucial for enhancing sustainable agricultural productivity. The purpose of this PhD project was to gain knowledge on seed associated bacterial endophytes for agricultural and biotechnological applications. In this study, we analysed the bacterial communities associated to the seed endosphere of eight Brassica genotypes collected in Sicily, including cultivated and wild species. In particular, the structure and composition of bacterial endophytes of seed lots of Brassica oleracea var. medullosa, B. o. var. botrytis from three different harvesting times. B. o. var. acephala and B. o. var. italica, as well as the wild species B. fruticulosa, were studied in comparison with those associated with commercial seed lots of B. o. var. italica cv. Calabrese Natalino. Metabarcoding analysis based on a region of the ribosomal RNA operon revealed differences in bacterial communities mainly influenced by genotype. Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum (60%), followed by Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidota (2-9%). Alpha and beta diversity analysis revealed differences in seed associated bacterial communities between Brassica genotype and commercial seed sample showing the lowest ASV richness and diversity.The culture-depending approach was used with the aim of isolating a collection of endophytic bacteria with potential growth-promoting and/or biocontrol activity, to be exploited for biotechnological application in agriculture. In total, 110 culturable bacterial endophytes were collected from seed samples after surface-sterilization and a set of sixty-nine isolates were identified based on sequencing of partial 16S rRNA gene fragment. About 70% of bacterial endophytes belonged to phylum Firmicutes, followed by Proteobacteria (23%), Actinobacteria (6%), and Bacteroidota (1%) including 10 orders, 15 families and 27 genera. The most abundant genera were Staphylococcus (22%), Bacillus (14%), Niallia (10%) and Pseudomonas (9%). Phenotyping for plant growth-promoting (PGP) activities revealed the endophytes produced ACC-deaminase (61.5%), siderophores (33.6%), ammonia (55.4%), were able to solubilize phosphate (37.7%) and grow in presence of different percentage of NaCl. Furthermore, in vitro assay for antimicrobial activity against fungal and bacterial species, including seed-borne brassica pathogens, showed a variable response according to pathogen tested with a percentage of antagonistic bacteria ranged from 2.7% to 13.6%. Four isolated belonging to Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp. showed antimicrobial activity against all pathogens. A study model represented by the pathosystem Xanthomonas campestris-Brassicaceae was selected to study the effect of application on broccoli seed (seed bio-priming) or soil of ten shortlisted bacterial endophytes on plant resistance induction. The endophytes belonging to Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. enhanced initial step of broccoli development by increasing seed germination and/or reducing incidence and severity of black rot and leaf spot diseases of Brassicaceae caused by X.s campestris pv. campestris and X. campestris pv. raphani respectively. A bioluminescent trans-conjugant strain of X. campestris pv. campestris was used to visualize the interaction between endophytes-broccoli-pathogen. Moreover, the genomes of 10 endophytes were sequenced. The results revealed the presence of numerous gene clusters related to the production of secondary metabolites with antimicrobial activity.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Tesi Dottorato - Nicasio Bova.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/192421
URN:NBN:IT:UNIPA-192421