Overcoming the ocular barriers is still a challenging task since currently available treatments for diseases affecting the back of the eye require highly invasive approaches (i.e., intravitreal injections). In the recent years, association of nanosystems with less-invasive periocular administration routes has been recognized as a possible strategy to treat these conditions. Despite the increasing number of colloidal nanosystems currently under development, preclinical research still lacks robust screening and reproducible setups in biorelevant conditions, such as ex vivo ocular models. The present thesis has pursued three different aims. The first was the development of lipid-based nanocarriers intended for drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye and loaded with corticosteroids (namely, dexamethasone acetate and dexamethasone). Starting from pre-formulative studies for adequate ocular-compatible excipients selection, nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) and microemulsions were prepared and physiochemically characterized. In addition, a novel approach based on design of experiments (DoE) was applied to create mathematical models that predict physicochemical characteristics of the nanocarriers, allowing to fine-tune the nanocarrier to the intended administration route. The second aim was the development and validation of an ex vivo setup for the improvement of preclinical studies in the ophthalmic field in accomplishment of the 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction and Refinement) in animal experimentation. After a preliminary characterization of porcine eyeballs, a 3D printing approach allowed to manufacture two devices for trans-scleral drug delivery evaluation on whole ocular bulbs. As a result, a setup allowing for the application of liquid, semisolid, or solid formulations to porcine sclera, at a controlled temperature and humidity for up to 18 hours, was achieved. In addition, a methodology for tissue manipulation and drug quantification from the vitreous body was validated. The third and final aim was the ex vivo evaluation of the developed formulations. The classical approach based on isolated porcine sclera and choroid mounted in Franz-type diffusion cells was then followed by the novel ex vivo whole-eye setup.
Il trattamento delle patologie oculari che colpiscono il segmento posteriore dell’occhio richiede l’impiego di approcci altamente invasivi come le iniezioni intravitreali: infatti, l’attraversamento delle barriere oculari rappresenta ancora oggi una sfida per la somministrazione dei farmaci. Negli ultimi anni l’associazione tra i nanosistemi e la somministrazione perioculare, meno invasiva della intravitreale, ha suscitato attenzione per la sua elevata potenzialità. Diversi sono i nanosistemi colloidali proposti e studiati; tuttavia, la ricerca preclinica è carente di strumenti robusti, quali i modelli oculari ex vivo, che permettano lo screening di nanoparticelle in condizioni biorilevanti. Nella presente tesi sono stati perseguiti tre obiettivi. Il primo è stato lo sviluppo di nanosistemi lipidici caricati con corticosteroidi (in particolare desametasone acetato e desametasone) per il trattamento del segmento posteriore dell’occhio. Precisamente, partendo da uno studio pre-formulativo, sono stati selezionati eccipienti compatibili con la somministrazione oculare e sono state preparate e caratterizzate delle Nanostructured Lipid Carrier (NLC) e delle microemulsioni. Inoltre, è stato applicato un approccio basato sul disegno sperimentale (DoE) per creare modelli matematici che consentano di predire le caratteristiche chimico-fisiche dei nanosistemi in base alle condizioni sperimentali. Il secondo obiettivo è stato lo sviluppo e la validazione di un setup ex vivo, rappresentato dall’occhio suino intero, per il miglioramento degli studi formulativi in adempimento del principio delle 3R (Replacement, Reduction and Refinement) nella sperimentazione animale. Dopo una preliminare caratterizzazione dei bulbi oculari suini, sono stati realizzati due dispositivi con la tecnica della stampa 3D. Grazie a questi due dispositivi è possibile applicare la formulazione (liquida, semisolida o solida) sulla sclera, mantenendo il bulbo oculare in condizioni controllate di temperatura e umidità per 18 ore. In aggiunta, un metodo per estrarre i farmaci nel corpo vitreo è stato messo a punto. Terzo ed ultimo obiettivo è stata la valutazione ex vivo delle formulazioni preparate, utilizzando il classico approccio basato sull’utilizzo della sclera e della coroide isolati montati su cella di Franz ed il nuovo modello di occhio intero.
Sviluppo di modelli ex vivo per lo screening di nuove formulazioni colloidali oftalmiche
Felipe M., González-Fernández
2023
Abstract
Overcoming the ocular barriers is still a challenging task since currently available treatments for diseases affecting the back of the eye require highly invasive approaches (i.e., intravitreal injections). In the recent years, association of nanosystems with less-invasive periocular administration routes has been recognized as a possible strategy to treat these conditions. Despite the increasing number of colloidal nanosystems currently under development, preclinical research still lacks robust screening and reproducible setups in biorelevant conditions, such as ex vivo ocular models. The present thesis has pursued three different aims. The first was the development of lipid-based nanocarriers intended for drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye and loaded with corticosteroids (namely, dexamethasone acetate and dexamethasone). Starting from pre-formulative studies for adequate ocular-compatible excipients selection, nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) and microemulsions were prepared and physiochemically characterized. In addition, a novel approach based on design of experiments (DoE) was applied to create mathematical models that predict physicochemical characteristics of the nanocarriers, allowing to fine-tune the nanocarrier to the intended administration route. The second aim was the development and validation of an ex vivo setup for the improvement of preclinical studies in the ophthalmic field in accomplishment of the 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction and Refinement) in animal experimentation. After a preliminary characterization of porcine eyeballs, a 3D printing approach allowed to manufacture two devices for trans-scleral drug delivery evaluation on whole ocular bulbs. As a result, a setup allowing for the application of liquid, semisolid, or solid formulations to porcine sclera, at a controlled temperature and humidity for up to 18 hours, was achieved. In addition, a methodology for tissue manipulation and drug quantification from the vitreous body was validated. The third and final aim was the ex vivo evaluation of the developed formulations. The classical approach based on isolated porcine sclera and choroid mounted in Franz-type diffusion cells was then followed by the novel ex vivo whole-eye setup.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/193841
URN:NBN:IT:UNIPR-193841