In recent years, progressive social movements in Western democracies acted in a context of multiple crises. The 2008 economic crisis, the refugee crisis, the climate crisis and the recent energy crisis prompted by the war in Ukraine altered the conditions for critical mobilisation. Moreover, these crises insisted in a long-standing crisis of representative democracy, translating into an increasing distrust towards institutions and in a rising consensus towards right-wing parties all over Europe. In this scenario, the outbreak of Covid-19 pandemic has suddenly shattered every domain of life early in 2020. The pandemic was an event of global scale, started as an health emergency but soon spiralled into a social and economic crisis, exacerbating pre-existing grievances and creating new ones. It was also a period of intense contestation by progressive social movements. However, despite extensive studies on progressive movements during the emergency, there is comparatively less understanding of post-emergency dynamics. This thesis addresses this gap by examining the medium-term impact of the pandemic on progressive movement organizations in contexts of multiple crises. Did progressive social movements change after the pandemic, and if so, how? This thesis interrogates whether the pandemic has been a transformative event, specifically exploring whether it had a long lasting transformative impact on progressive movement actors. In conceptual terms, the pandemic has been assimilated to a sudden and dramatic event, an emergency profoundly yielding a mix of challenges and opportunities for movement organizations. Emphasis has been overall put on the richness of contentiousness in unsettling, emergency times, echoing previous works which had emphasized how times of deep crisis may provide fertile terrain for social movement outburst (della Porta and Mattoni 2014). During the pandemic, progressive movements adapted to the sudden new context hinging on a varied repertoire, more or less innovative; they bridged their frames and networked to pool together scarce resources (della Porta 2022). Despite prominent, research on movements in pandemic times presents three shortcomings for understanding the medium-term impact of the pandemic. First, its empirical scrutiny is bounded to the year 2020, monolithically addressed from a temporality point of view as an emergency. Second, it treats “progressive movements” as an homogenous social process, generalizing the effects of the emergency juncture as if these were homogenous for any contentious actor supporting progressive movements. Third, current works conceptualize the pandemic as a critical juncture (Capoccia and Kelemen 2007), a moment of sudden rupture that would necessarily produce change. As a consequence, social movements’ response to Covid-19 was understood only as an adaptive response to a macro-level critical juncture according to an independent-dependent variable driven logic. This thesis studies post-pandemic change by i) focusing on social movement organizations marked by distinctive, antecedent, pre-pandemic conditions ii) adopting a time-sensitive approach, which considers the timeframe 2020-2023 as marked by the transition from an emergency to a post-emergency temporality, each one differently influencing the conditions for action iii) embracing a mechanism-process approach to change, meaning meso-level change is treated as a processual, temporal and dynamic phenomenon. In this way, I reconstruct actors’ trajectories of post-emergency change by singling out their constitutive building blocks, mechanisms. By addressing the how of change, hence, I am to show why actors change, what of them changed, namely the dimensions of transformation. My hypothesis is that post-emergency change was a combination of exogenous and endogenous factors, that is to say, as a combination between the pandemic context and social movement organizations, including their mobilizations (if any, at all) and related effects. From a methodological point of view, this work is qualitative in nature, inductive and rests upon a case-based comparative research design of different social movements organizations. In particular, I compared social movement organizations belonging to two empirical contexts, Milan and Paris, choosing specifically five of them for the former and six for the latter. Moreover, this thesis departs from social constructionist premises, as its analytical focus, social movement organizations’ change, is captured not as objectively given but as understood and made sense of by activist themselves. As per methods of data collection, I triangulated 42 semi-structured interviews with document analysis and participant observation. Collected material was subject to thematic analysis. Italy and France stood out as two insightful contexts for the analysis of progressive movements agency after Covid-19. They both suffer from a particularly high crisis in citizens’ political trust, experienced in the mid-2010s the rise of challenger parties, and a growing relevance of progressive-backlash cleavage. The pandemic had a dramatic impact in both countries and was managed similarly though with more stringent measures in France and diverging societal effects. Differences regard the strength of the institutional left, the different propensity to protest, and the specific pre-pandemic situation with France being in the middle of the nation-wide cycle of protest against the pension reform before the pandemic. Milan and Paris were then appointed as narrower city focuses for their being hubs of contagion during Covid, their relevance in the mobilisation dynamics within both countries, and for having being cities of emergence of the Brigades of Solidarity, a grassroots network to tackle pandemic-related needs. In terms of case selection, in Milan I chose 4 social centres, Rimake, Collective Zam, Spazio 20092 and Lambretta and Extinction Rebellion Milan. In Paris I sampled Extinction Rebellion Paris, Yellow Vests of Montreuil, Interprofessional collective of the 18th district, Nous Toutes, the Brigades and Droit au logement. Overall, all of them are relevant acts for the local social conflicts and were highly active both/either before and during the pandemic. Empirical analysis suggests the existence of three main paths sustaining the process of change across contexts. The first one was driven by the relevance of the mechanism “bridging” or “ties transformation”. Actors that have highly changed after the pandemic emergency were those that engaged with forms of action that allowed them to broaden their struggles to wider publics. For them, Covid provided the conditions to adjust their pre-pandemic strategy and forge social relations at external level, which brought them, in a post-pandemic phase, to blur the boundaries of their collective identity, and, in some cases, organizational models. The second trajectory was characterized by the relevance of “ties transformation” inserted in a sequence started off with “boundary activation”. For actors belonging to this type of pattern, Covid re-activated pre-existing fractures and internal within-group tensions which brought a transformation in ties and an eventual identity remaking. The third type of trajectory attests to those cases that showed minimal changes. “Re-equilibration”/”encapsulation” was the main mechanisms in this case as the changes made to confront the emergency context did not stabilise and actors ‘re-equilibrated’ to their pre-pandemic conditions. In comparative terms, the pandemic was sensed as having broken a pre-existing momentum in Paris, while in Milan as was interpreted as having shattered a nascent movement momentum. Overall, this dissertation shows that actors changed differently and following multiple paths after the pandemic emergency. Hence, it suggests a departure from prevalent critical-juncture-centric interpretations of the pandemic's impact. In particular, results lend evidence to the fact that to assess whether an event, like an emergency, was a critical juncture for a movement organization, its effects must be considered not in isolation but in interaction with the antecedent characteristics of that specific organization. From a theoretical point of view, the contributions are threefold. First, it adds to debates on social movements and the pandemic, that it innovates by putting forward a medium-term approach to change. Moreover, by showing that Covid-19’s medium-term effects were dependent also by what actors chose to do during the emergency, it pluralises the range of endogenous characteristic to pinpoint to when analysis actors’ interaction with the context. Second, by arguing that emergencies should not be conceived as temporal monolith but studied in the nuanced temporalities they bring forward, it contributes to literature on time and collective action. Third, the thesis contributes to the broader discourse on political engagement following critical events and more in general to the resilience capacity of democracies after exogenous shocks. In that, it offers valuable insights into the dynamics of change of the actors of participation in the post-pandemic era, which was anticipated to usher in significant progressive transformations.
Negli ultimi anni, i movimenti sociali progressisti nelle democrazie occidentali hanno agito in un contesto di molteplici crisi. La crisi economica del 2008, la crisi dei rifugiati, la crisi climatica e la recente crisi energetica causata dalla guerra in Ucraina hanno modificato le condizioni per la mobilitazione critica. Inoltre, queste crisi si inseriscono nel contesto di una crisi della democrazia rappresentativa di lunga durata, traducendosi in una progressive diffidenza verso le istituzioni e in un crescente consenso verso i partiti di destra in tutta Europa. In questo scenario, l'insorgenza della pandemia da Covid-19 ha rappresentato un’ennesima crisi, sconvolgendo ogni ambito della vita all'inizio del 2020. Si è trattato di un evento di scala globale, iniziato come emergenza sanitaria ma presto degenerato in una crisi sociale ed economica, aggravando difficoltà preesistenti e creandone di nuove. Allo stesso tempo, è stato anche un periodo estremamente fertile per le mobilitazioni sociali progressiste. Tuttavia, mentre ampia letteratura si è focalizzata sull’azione collettiva dei movimenti durante la fase di emergenza pandemica, abbiamo comparativamente meno strumenti per capire le dinamiche post-emergenza. Questa tesi affronta questa lacuna esaminando l'impatto a medio termine della pandemia sulle organizzazioni dei movimenti progressisti in contesti di crisi multiple. I movimenti sociali progressisti sono cambiati dopo la pandemia, e in tal caso, in che modo? Questa tesi indaga se la pandemia sia stata un evento trasformativo, esplorando specificamente se abbia avuto un impatto duraturo sugli attori del movimento progressista, e che fattezze tale impatto abbia assunto. In termini concettuali, la pandemia è stata assimilata a un evento improvviso e drammatico, un'emergenza che ha generato un mix di sfide e opportunità per le organizzazioni dei movimenti. L'accento è stato posto principalmente sulla ricchezza della contestazione in tempi di emergenza, facendo eco, in questo senso, a quanto già messo in luce dalla letteratura precedente sui momenti di crisi come terreno fertile per esplosioni di movimenti sociali (della Porta e Mattoni 2014). Così, durante la pandemia, i movimenti progressisti si sono adattati al nuovo contesto improvviso, facendo leva su un repertorio variegato, più o meno innovativo; hanno collegato i loro frames e fatto rete per mettere in comune risorse scarse (della Porta 2022). Nonostante la loro rilevanza, le ricerche sui movimenti in tempo di emergenza presentano tre carenze per comprendere l'impatto a medio termine della pandemia. In primo luogo, le analisi sono limitate all'anno 2020, affrontato monoliticamente da un punto di vista temporale come un'emergenza. In secondo luogo, gli studi attuali trattano i "movimenti progressisti" come un processo sociale omogeneo, generalizzando gli effetti dell’emergenza pandemica come se fossero omogenei per qualsiasi attore di movimento che compone il fronte progressista. Terzo, i lavori attuali concepiscono la pandemia come una giuntura critica (Capoccia e Kelemen 2007), un momento di rottura improvvisa che necessariamente avrebbe prodotto cambiamento. Di conseguenza, la risposta dei movimenti sociali al Covid-19 è stata compresa solo come una risposta adattiva a un momento critico a livello macro secondo una logica di variabile indipendente-dipendente. Partendo e superando tali limiti, questa tesi studia il cambiamento post-pandemico i) focalizzandosi sulle organizzazioni dei movimenti sociali come unità di analisi, ciascuna caratterizzata da specifiche caratteristiche endogene pre-pandemiche ii) adottando un approccio sensibile alla temporalità, che considera il periodo 2020-2023 come segnato dal passaggio da una temporalità dell’emergenza a una temporaneità post-emergenza, con conseguenti cambiamenti nelle condizioni contestuali per l'azione iii) basandosi sulla concezione del cambiamento come processo. In questo, modo lo scopo di questo lavoro è ricostruire le traiettorie di cambiamento post-emergenza degli attori individuando i loro blocchi costitutivi, altresì detti i meccanismi. Affrontando il come del cambiamento, quindi, intendo mostrare perché gli attori siano o meno cambiati, cosa di loro è cambiato, cioè le dimensioni della trasformazione. La mia ipotesi è che il cambiamento post-emergenza sia da intendersi come frutto di combinazione di fattori esogeni ed endogeni, cioè, come una combinazione tra il contesto della pandemia e le organizzazioni dei movimenti sociali, comprese le loro mobilitazioni (se presenti) e gli effetti che queste hanno generato. Dal punto di vista metodologico, questo lavoro è di natura qualitativa, induttiva e si basa su un design di ricerca comparativa di diverse organizzazioni dei movimenti sociali. In particolare, ho confrontato le organizzazioni dei movimenti sociali appartenenti a due contesti empirici, Milano e Parigi, scegliendone specificamente cinque per il primo e sei per il secondo. Inoltre, questa tesi affonda le radici su un impianto social-costruttivista poiché il suo focus analitico, il cambiamento delle organizzazioni dei movimenti sociali, non è catturato come dato oggettivo ma come comprensibile e interpretato dagli attivisti stessi. Per quanto riguarda i metodi di raccolta dati, ho triangolato 42 interviste semi-strutturate con l'analisi dei documenti e l'osservazione partecipante. Il materiale raccolto è stato sottoposto a analisi tematica. L'Italia e la Francia si sono distinte come due contesti interessanti per l'analisi dell'azione dei movimenti progressisti dopo il Covid-19. Entrambi caratterizzati da un malessere democratico marcato, evidente in crescenti livelli di sfiducia politica, hanno vissuto la fine della contrapposizione partitica bipolare con l’ascesa dei challengers parties a metà degli anni 2010, insieme una crescente rilevanza della backlash politics. La pandemia ha avuto un impatto drammatico in entrambi i Paesi ed è stata gestita in modo simile, sebbene con misure più stringenti in Francia. Le differenze fra i contesti riguardano la forza della sinistra istituzionale, la diversa propensione alla protesta e la specifica situazione pre-pandemica, con la Francia che si trovava nel mezzo del ciclo di protesta nazionale contro la riforma delle pensioni prima della pandemia. Milano e Parigi sono state poi designate come focus urbani più ristretti per il loro essere centri di contagio durante il Covid, la loro rilevanza nelle dinamiche di mobilitazione all'interno di entrambi i Paesi e per aver visto l’emergenza delle Brigate di Solidarietà, una rete nata dal basso per rispondere ai bisogni materiali legati alla pandemia. In termini di selezione dei casi, a Milano ho campionato quattro centri sociali, Rimake, Collettivo Zam, Spazio 20092 e Lambretta, oltre a Extinction Rebellion Milano. Il campione parigino ha compreso Extinction Rebellion Parigi, i Gilet Gialli di Montreuil, il collettivo interprofessionale del 18° distretto, Nous Toutes, le Brigate e Droit au logement. Nel complesso, si tratta di organizzazioni di movimento rilevanti per i conflitti sociali locali, appartenenti al fronte progressista, diverse per aree di mobilitazione e molto attivi prima della pandemia. L'analisi empirica suggerisce l'esistenza di tre principali percorsi che sostengono il processo di cambiamento nei due contesti empirici sotto analisi. Il primo è stato guidato dalla rilevanza del meccanismo di "bridging" o "ties transformation". Gli attori che hanno registrato cambiamenti più profondi sono stati quelli che durante la fase dell’emergenza hanno intrapreso forme di azione che hanno permesso loro di allargare le proprie lotte a pubblici più ampi. Per loro, il Covid ha fornito le condizioni per adattare la loro strategia pre-pandemica al mutato contesto e forgiare relazioni sociali a livello esterno, che li hanno portati, in una fase post-pandemica, a decidere di sfumare i confini della propria identità collettiva e, in alcuni casi, a ripensare i propri modelli organizzativi. La seconda traiettoria è stata caratterizzata dalla rilevanza della "trasformazione dei legami" inserita in una sequenza avviata con l'"attivazione dei confini". Per gli attori appartenenti a questo tipo di modello, il Covid ha riattivato fratture preesistenti e tensioni interne al gruppo che hanno portato a una trasformazione dei legami e a un eventuale rimodellamento dell'identità. Il terzo tipo di traiettoria attesta quei casi che hanno mostrato cambiamenti minimi. "Riequilibratura"/"incapsulamento" è stato il principale meccanismo in questo caso poiché i cambiamenti apportati per affrontare il contesto di emergenza non si sono stabilizzati e gli attori si sono "riequilibrati" alle loro condizioni pre-pandemiche. In termini comparativi, la pandemia è stata percepita come aver interrotto un momento di cambiamento pre-esistente a Parigi, mentre a Milano è stata interpretata come aver infranto l’illusione di un’attivazione di base nascente. Nel complesso, questa tesu dimostra che gli attori sono cambiati in modo diverso e seguendo percorsi multipli dopo l'emergenza pandemica. Pertanto, suggerisce un allontanamento dalle interpretazioni prevalenti incentrate sul concetto di giuntura critica dell'impatto della pandemia. In particolare, i risultati forniscono evidenze sul fatto che per valutare se un evento, come un'emergenza, sia stata una giuntura critica per un'organizzazione di movimento, i suoi effetti devono essere considerati non in isolamento, ma in interazione con le caratteristiche antecedenti di quella specifica organizzazione. Da un punto di vista teorico, i contributi di questo lavoro sono di tre tipi. In primo luogo, esso si aggiunge ai dibattiti sui movimenti sociali e sulla pandemia, innovando proponendo un approccio a medio termine al cambiamento. Inoltre, mostrando che gli effetti a medio termine del Covid-19 sono dipesi, in parte, anche da ciò che gli attori hanno scelto di fare durante l'emergenza, questo lavoro pluralizza la gamma di caratteristiche endogene da individuare quando si analizza l'interazione degli attori con il contesto, oltre al più classici “identità” e “organizzazione” (vedi Bosi and Zamponi, 2020). In secondo luogo, sostenendo che le emergenze non dovrebbero essere concepite come monoliti temporali ma studiate nelle sottili temporalità che portano avanti, si contribuisce alla letteratura sul tempo e sull'azione collettiva. L’evidenza mostra infatti come la pandemia abbia portato sfide e opportunità diverse a seconda della fase del suo dispiegamento longitudinale. In terzo luogo, la tesi contribuisce al più ampio discorso sull'impegno politico a seguito di eventi critici e più in generale alla capacità di resilienza delle democrazie dopo gli shock esogeni. In questo senso, offre preziosi spunti sulle dinamiche di cambiamento degli attori della partecipazione nell'era post-pandemica, che si prevedeva avrebbe portato a significative trasformazioni progressiste.
Progressive social movement organizations in post emergency times. A processual approach to change after Covid 19 in Italy and France
GUARDIGLI, FEDERICA
2024
Abstract
In recent years, progressive social movements in Western democracies acted in a context of multiple crises. The 2008 economic crisis, the refugee crisis, the climate crisis and the recent energy crisis prompted by the war in Ukraine altered the conditions for critical mobilisation. Moreover, these crises insisted in a long-standing crisis of representative democracy, translating into an increasing distrust towards institutions and in a rising consensus towards right-wing parties all over Europe. In this scenario, the outbreak of Covid-19 pandemic has suddenly shattered every domain of life early in 2020. The pandemic was an event of global scale, started as an health emergency but soon spiralled into a social and economic crisis, exacerbating pre-existing grievances and creating new ones. It was also a period of intense contestation by progressive social movements. However, despite extensive studies on progressive movements during the emergency, there is comparatively less understanding of post-emergency dynamics. This thesis addresses this gap by examining the medium-term impact of the pandemic on progressive movement organizations in contexts of multiple crises. Did progressive social movements change after the pandemic, and if so, how? This thesis interrogates whether the pandemic has been a transformative event, specifically exploring whether it had a long lasting transformative impact on progressive movement actors. In conceptual terms, the pandemic has been assimilated to a sudden and dramatic event, an emergency profoundly yielding a mix of challenges and opportunities for movement organizations. Emphasis has been overall put on the richness of contentiousness in unsettling, emergency times, echoing previous works which had emphasized how times of deep crisis may provide fertile terrain for social movement outburst (della Porta and Mattoni 2014). During the pandemic, progressive movements adapted to the sudden new context hinging on a varied repertoire, more or less innovative; they bridged their frames and networked to pool together scarce resources (della Porta 2022). Despite prominent, research on movements in pandemic times presents three shortcomings for understanding the medium-term impact of the pandemic. First, its empirical scrutiny is bounded to the year 2020, monolithically addressed from a temporality point of view as an emergency. Second, it treats “progressive movements” as an homogenous social process, generalizing the effects of the emergency juncture as if these were homogenous for any contentious actor supporting progressive movements. Third, current works conceptualize the pandemic as a critical juncture (Capoccia and Kelemen 2007), a moment of sudden rupture that would necessarily produce change. As a consequence, social movements’ response to Covid-19 was understood only as an adaptive response to a macro-level critical juncture according to an independent-dependent variable driven logic. This thesis studies post-pandemic change by i) focusing on social movement organizations marked by distinctive, antecedent, pre-pandemic conditions ii) adopting a time-sensitive approach, which considers the timeframe 2020-2023 as marked by the transition from an emergency to a post-emergency temporality, each one differently influencing the conditions for action iii) embracing a mechanism-process approach to change, meaning meso-level change is treated as a processual, temporal and dynamic phenomenon. In this way, I reconstruct actors’ trajectories of post-emergency change by singling out their constitutive building blocks, mechanisms. By addressing the how of change, hence, I am to show why actors change, what of them changed, namely the dimensions of transformation. My hypothesis is that post-emergency change was a combination of exogenous and endogenous factors, that is to say, as a combination between the pandemic context and social movement organizations, including their mobilizations (if any, at all) and related effects. From a methodological point of view, this work is qualitative in nature, inductive and rests upon a case-based comparative research design of different social movements organizations. In particular, I compared social movement organizations belonging to two empirical contexts, Milan and Paris, choosing specifically five of them for the former and six for the latter. Moreover, this thesis departs from social constructionist premises, as its analytical focus, social movement organizations’ change, is captured not as objectively given but as understood and made sense of by activist themselves. As per methods of data collection, I triangulated 42 semi-structured interviews with document analysis and participant observation. Collected material was subject to thematic analysis. Italy and France stood out as two insightful contexts for the analysis of progressive movements agency after Covid-19. They both suffer from a particularly high crisis in citizens’ political trust, experienced in the mid-2010s the rise of challenger parties, and a growing relevance of progressive-backlash cleavage. The pandemic had a dramatic impact in both countries and was managed similarly though with more stringent measures in France and diverging societal effects. Differences regard the strength of the institutional left, the different propensity to protest, and the specific pre-pandemic situation with France being in the middle of the nation-wide cycle of protest against the pension reform before the pandemic. Milan and Paris were then appointed as narrower city focuses for their being hubs of contagion during Covid, their relevance in the mobilisation dynamics within both countries, and for having being cities of emergence of the Brigades of Solidarity, a grassroots network to tackle pandemic-related needs. In terms of case selection, in Milan I chose 4 social centres, Rimake, Collective Zam, Spazio 20092 and Lambretta and Extinction Rebellion Milan. In Paris I sampled Extinction Rebellion Paris, Yellow Vests of Montreuil, Interprofessional collective of the 18th district, Nous Toutes, the Brigades and Droit au logement. Overall, all of them are relevant acts for the local social conflicts and were highly active both/either before and during the pandemic. Empirical analysis suggests the existence of three main paths sustaining the process of change across contexts. The first one was driven by the relevance of the mechanism “bridging” or “ties transformation”. Actors that have highly changed after the pandemic emergency were those that engaged with forms of action that allowed them to broaden their struggles to wider publics. For them, Covid provided the conditions to adjust their pre-pandemic strategy and forge social relations at external level, which brought them, in a post-pandemic phase, to blur the boundaries of their collective identity, and, in some cases, organizational models. The second trajectory was characterized by the relevance of “ties transformation” inserted in a sequence started off with “boundary activation”. For actors belonging to this type of pattern, Covid re-activated pre-existing fractures and internal within-group tensions which brought a transformation in ties and an eventual identity remaking. The third type of trajectory attests to those cases that showed minimal changes. “Re-equilibration”/”encapsulation” was the main mechanisms in this case as the changes made to confront the emergency context did not stabilise and actors ‘re-equilibrated’ to their pre-pandemic conditions. In comparative terms, the pandemic was sensed as having broken a pre-existing momentum in Paris, while in Milan as was interpreted as having shattered a nascent movement momentum. Overall, this dissertation shows that actors changed differently and following multiple paths after the pandemic emergency. Hence, it suggests a departure from prevalent critical-juncture-centric interpretations of the pandemic's impact. In particular, results lend evidence to the fact that to assess whether an event, like an emergency, was a critical juncture for a movement organization, its effects must be considered not in isolation but in interaction with the antecedent characteristics of that specific organization. From a theoretical point of view, the contributions are threefold. First, it adds to debates on social movements and the pandemic, that it innovates by putting forward a medium-term approach to change. Moreover, by showing that Covid-19’s medium-term effects were dependent also by what actors chose to do during the emergency, it pluralises the range of endogenous characteristic to pinpoint to when analysis actors’ interaction with the context. Second, by arguing that emergencies should not be conceived as temporal monolith but studied in the nuanced temporalities they bring forward, it contributes to literature on time and collective action. Third, the thesis contributes to the broader discourse on political engagement following critical events and more in general to the resilience capacity of democracies after exogenous shocks. In that, it offers valuable insights into the dynamics of change of the actors of participation in the post-pandemic era, which was anticipated to usher in significant progressive transformations.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/194399
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMC-194399