This thesis is an investigation about the transformative capacity of the international protection regime in times of climate change. As such, this work focuses on the environment-migration nexus and seeks to analyze the way in which international law approaches this phenomenon. The question that underpins the enquiry relates to the extent to which existing international legal frameworks are sufficiently dynamic to encompass (forced) migration scenarios borne out of contexts where climate change – given its ‘threat multiplier’ effect – is increasingly intensifying people’s underlying vulnerabilities, as exacerbated during disasters. While many international legal analyses on the topic take as a starting point the existence of a ‘normative gap’ – i.e., the absence of an international legal instrument dedicated to so-called ‘climate migrants’ –, and aim at filling this gap in order to protect this new category of migrants, this work refrains from proposing legal ‘solutions’ to this perceived ‘problem’. This is primarily because the existing empirical evidence on the environment-migration nexus makes it extremely hard to properly qualify the ‘problem’ at hand, given that environmental pressures can rarely be singled out as major migration drivers. With this spirit, this thesis slightly turns the legal question around: instead of asking whether international law provides protection to people displaced by the impacts of climate change, it seeks first to answer how environmental pressures are and can be integrated into claims to international protection, and whether – consistently with empirical observations – they may hold a particular role in substantiating and reinforcing protection claims. In order to carve out the issues involved in an analysis of the environment-migration-protection nexus from a legal perspective, this thesis seeks to unravel the relationship that exists between climate change, disasters, human rights enjoyment, and international protection. Chapter 1 sets the scene by offering a legal and theoretical background for a better understanding of this relationship. As such, the first part of the Chapter addresses the legal dimension(s) of climate change by outlining the evolution of the climate change regime in international law, and the way in which climate issues have progressively moved beyond the realm of international environmental law. In light of the increasingly recognized relationship between climate impacts and human rights (non-)enjoyment, a particular focus is given to the practice of human rights bodies in respect to environmental protection, including with regards to the rise of climate litigation in international and regional judicial and quasi-judicial bodies. After having demonstrated that this practice reflects an ongoing, albeit embryonic, process of systemic integration between the human rights and the environmental and climate change regimes, the second part of the Chapter starts to take a closer look at the issue of human mobility in the context of climate change and disasters. The aim of this part is to provide a conceptual framework through the lens of which the environment-migration nexus can be more easily situated within an international protection perspective. Indeed, although the first part of Chapter 1 makes it clear that climate change engenders human rights harms, and that states have obligations to protect individuals against such harms, it is legally inconsistent to argue that any individual compelled to migrate because of difficult environmental conditions should be entitled to protection in a third state. It is thus necessary to turn the analysis’ focus on the circumstances upon which, in contexts characterized by increased incidence of natural hazards and vulnerability to climate impacts, international protection needs might arise. As such, the concept of ‘disaster’ is adopted and described in order to shed light on the dynamics underpinning root causes of disaster vulnerability, human rights detriment, and compelled movement. After having provided the legal and conceptual framework, the thesis gets to the core of the enquiry by analyzing the legal regime governing forced migration. Chapter 2 addresses the refugee regime, at both the international and regional level. The analysis reveals that, although the refugee definition provided by the 1951 Convention on the Status of Refugees provides room for expansive interpretations, decision-makers seem yet reluctant to fully appreciate disaster-related harms as possible grounds for refugee status – even though some recent decisions in New Zealand show emerging engagement with the issues relating to disasters, environmental degradation, vulnerability and international protection needs. Similar observation can be made in respect to refugee law developments at the regional level, where in spite of the existence of broader refugee definitions, state practice suggests that the environment-migration nexus is rarely considered as a refugee issue. Chapter 3 is dedicated to broader protection obligations that through time have developed alongside the refugee regime. After having demonstrated the constantly evolving character of the concept of international protection in international law, the Chapter discusses first the notion of temporary refuge and its application to disaster displacement through a review of state practice. Subsequently, the analysis turns to complementary protection under human rights law. The recent views adopted by the UN Human Rights Committee on the Teitiota case are taken as a starting point of reference to reflect on the development of non-refoulement obligations in respect to life-threatening risks stemming from the impacts of disasters and climate change. Then, some non-refoulement case-law of the European Court of Human Rights is examined to make hypothesis about the reach of protection obligations under the European Convention of Human Rights in possible future climate-related claims.
Il presente elaborato è teso ad analizzare la potenziale evoluzione del regime di protezione internazionale in tempi di cambiamento climatico. Come tale, il lavoro si concentra sul nesso ambiente-migrazioni e cerca di osservare il modo in cui il diritto internazionale si approccia a questo fenomeno. La domanda che sottende l’indagine riguarda la misura in cui il quadro giuridico esistente sia sufficientemente dinamico da includere nel proprio campo di applicazione scenari di migrazione (forzata) derivanti da contesti in cui il cambiamento climatico, in qualità di “moltiplicatore di minacce”, sta intensificando situazioni di vulnerabilità contestuali e personali già presenti. Sebbene molte analisi giuridiche sull’argomento prendano come punto di partenza l’esistenza di un ‘vuoto normativo’ – ossia l’assenza di uno strumento giuridico internazionale dedicato ai cosiddetti ‘migranti climatici’ – e mirino a colmare tale lacuna per proteggere questa nuova categoria di migranti, il presente lavoro si astiene dal proporre ‘soluzioni’ giuridiche a tale ‘problema’. Ciò è dovuto principalmente al fatto che l’evidenza empirica esistente sul nesso ambiente-migrazioni rende estremamente difficile qualificare adeguatamente il ‘problema’ in questione, dato che le pressioni ambientali possono raramente essere identificate come principali fattori di spinta delle migrazioni. Di conseguenza, questa tesi inverte leggermente la questione giuridica di fondo: invece di chiedersi se il diritto internazionale fornisce protezione alle persone sfollate a causa degli impatti del cambiamento climatico, cerca anzitutto di concentrarsi su come le pressioni ambientali sono e possono essere integrate nelle richieste di protezione internazionale, e se – coerentemente con le osservazioni empiriche – esse possono avere un ruolo particolare nel sostanziare e rinforzare tali richieste. Al fine di delineare le questioni sottese al tema, questa tesi cerca di mettere in luce la relazione esistente tra cambiamento climatico, disastri, godimento dei diritti umani e protezione internazionale. Pertanto, il Capitolo 1 è teso a sviluppare il ‘background’ giuridico e teorico per una migliore comprensione di questa relazione. La prima parte del Capitolo affronta la dimensione giuridica del cambiamento climatico, delineandone l’evoluzione normativa nel diritto internazionale, e mettendo in luce il modo in cui la questione climatica si è progressivamente affermata quale tema di interesse trasversale oltreché prettamente del diritto internazionale dell’ambiente. Alla luce della relazione sempre più riconosciuta tra gli impatti climatici e il (mancato) godimento dei diritti umani, un’attenzione particolare è data alla prassi degli organi preposti alla tutela dei diritti umani sul tema della protezione ambientale, riflettendosi altresì sul crescente e vivace movimento in ambito di ‘climate litigation’ innanzi a organi giudiziari e quasi-giudiziari internazionali e regionali. Dopo aver dimostrato che questa prassi riflette un processo in corso, anche se embrionale, di integrazione sistemica tra i diritti umani e il diritto dell’ambiente, la seconda parte del Capitolo inizia ad approfondire la questione della mobilità umana nel contesto del cambiamento climatico e dei disastri. Ciò allo scopo di fornire un quadro concettuale attraverso la cui lente il nesso ambiente-migrazioni possa essere più facilmente analizzato in una prospettiva di protezione internazionale. Infatti, sebbene la prima parte del Capitolo 1 chiarisca che il cambiamento climatico genera danni ai diritti umani e che gli Stati hanno l’obbligo di proteggere gli individui da tali danni, è chiaramente incoerente dal punto di vista giuridico sostenere che qualsiasi individuo costretto a migrare a causa di condizioni ambientali difficili dovrebbe avere diritto alla protezione in uno Stato terzo. É pertanto necessario focalizzare l’attenzione dell’indagine sulle circostanze in cui, in contesti caratterizzati da una maggiore incidenza di disastri naturali e da una incrementata vulnerabilità agli impatti climatici, potrebbero sorgere esigenze di protezione internazionale. In tale prospettiva, il concetto di ‘disastro’ viene adottato e descritto al fine di far luce sulle dinamiche che stanno alla base della vulnerabilità ai disastri, delle potenziali violazioni di diritti umani, e della migrazione forzata. Dopo aver fornito il quadro giuridico e concettuale, la tesi entra nel vivo dell’indagine analizzando il regime giuridico che regola la migrazione forzata. Il Capitolo 2 affronta il regime dei rifugiati, sia a livello internazionale che regionale. L’analisi rivela che, sebbene la definizione di rifugiato fornita dalla Convenzione del 1951 relativa allo status dei rifugiati offra spazio per interpretazioni espansive, la prassi applicativa rivela una certa riluttanza ad apprezzare pienamente i danni legati ai disastri come motivi fondati per l’ottenimento dello status. Simili osservazioni possono essere svolte rispetto agli sviluppi del diritto dei rifugiati a livello regionale, dove nonostante l’esistenza di definizioni più ampie di rifugiato, la prassi nazionale suggerisce che il nesso ambiente-migrazioni è raramente considerato quale tema legato al diritto di asilo. Il Capitolo 3 è dedicato agli obblighi di protezione più ampi che nel tempo si sono sviluppati parallelamente al regime dei rifugiati. Dopo aver dimostrato il carattere in costante evoluzione del concetto di protezione internazionale nel diritto internazionale, il capitolo discute dapprima la nozione di protezione temporanea e la sua applicazione allo sfollamento per disastri attraverso una analisi della prassi degli Stati. Successivamente, l’indagine si rivolge alla protezione ‘complementare’ e al relativo sviluppo del principio di non-refoulement così come influenzato dalla normativa internazionale in materia di diritti umani. Le recenti considerazioni del Comitato ONU per i Diritti Umani sul caso Teitiota sono prese come punto di riferimento per riflettere sullo sviluppo degli obblighi di non-refoulement nell’ipotesi di rischi per la vita derivanti dagli impatti di disastri e cambiamenti climatici. Infine, verrà esaminata la giurisprudenza in ambito di non-refoulement della Corte Europea dei Diritti dell’Uomo al fine di riflettere sulla portata degli obblighi di protezione ai sensi della CEDU in possibili future rivendicazioni legate al clima.
The international protection regime in the age of climate change
LAURIA, GIOVANNA
2022
Abstract
This thesis is an investigation about the transformative capacity of the international protection regime in times of climate change. As such, this work focuses on the environment-migration nexus and seeks to analyze the way in which international law approaches this phenomenon. The question that underpins the enquiry relates to the extent to which existing international legal frameworks are sufficiently dynamic to encompass (forced) migration scenarios borne out of contexts where climate change – given its ‘threat multiplier’ effect – is increasingly intensifying people’s underlying vulnerabilities, as exacerbated during disasters. While many international legal analyses on the topic take as a starting point the existence of a ‘normative gap’ – i.e., the absence of an international legal instrument dedicated to so-called ‘climate migrants’ –, and aim at filling this gap in order to protect this new category of migrants, this work refrains from proposing legal ‘solutions’ to this perceived ‘problem’. This is primarily because the existing empirical evidence on the environment-migration nexus makes it extremely hard to properly qualify the ‘problem’ at hand, given that environmental pressures can rarely be singled out as major migration drivers. With this spirit, this thesis slightly turns the legal question around: instead of asking whether international law provides protection to people displaced by the impacts of climate change, it seeks first to answer how environmental pressures are and can be integrated into claims to international protection, and whether – consistently with empirical observations – they may hold a particular role in substantiating and reinforcing protection claims. In order to carve out the issues involved in an analysis of the environment-migration-protection nexus from a legal perspective, this thesis seeks to unravel the relationship that exists between climate change, disasters, human rights enjoyment, and international protection. Chapter 1 sets the scene by offering a legal and theoretical background for a better understanding of this relationship. As such, the first part of the Chapter addresses the legal dimension(s) of climate change by outlining the evolution of the climate change regime in international law, and the way in which climate issues have progressively moved beyond the realm of international environmental law. In light of the increasingly recognized relationship between climate impacts and human rights (non-)enjoyment, a particular focus is given to the practice of human rights bodies in respect to environmental protection, including with regards to the rise of climate litigation in international and regional judicial and quasi-judicial bodies. After having demonstrated that this practice reflects an ongoing, albeit embryonic, process of systemic integration between the human rights and the environmental and climate change regimes, the second part of the Chapter starts to take a closer look at the issue of human mobility in the context of climate change and disasters. The aim of this part is to provide a conceptual framework through the lens of which the environment-migration nexus can be more easily situated within an international protection perspective. Indeed, although the first part of Chapter 1 makes it clear that climate change engenders human rights harms, and that states have obligations to protect individuals against such harms, it is legally inconsistent to argue that any individual compelled to migrate because of difficult environmental conditions should be entitled to protection in a third state. It is thus necessary to turn the analysis’ focus on the circumstances upon which, in contexts characterized by increased incidence of natural hazards and vulnerability to climate impacts, international protection needs might arise. As such, the concept of ‘disaster’ is adopted and described in order to shed light on the dynamics underpinning root causes of disaster vulnerability, human rights detriment, and compelled movement. After having provided the legal and conceptual framework, the thesis gets to the core of the enquiry by analyzing the legal regime governing forced migration. Chapter 2 addresses the refugee regime, at both the international and regional level. The analysis reveals that, although the refugee definition provided by the 1951 Convention on the Status of Refugees provides room for expansive interpretations, decision-makers seem yet reluctant to fully appreciate disaster-related harms as possible grounds for refugee status – even though some recent decisions in New Zealand show emerging engagement with the issues relating to disasters, environmental degradation, vulnerability and international protection needs. Similar observation can be made in respect to refugee law developments at the regional level, where in spite of the existence of broader refugee definitions, state practice suggests that the environment-migration nexus is rarely considered as a refugee issue. Chapter 3 is dedicated to broader protection obligations that through time have developed alongside the refugee regime. After having demonstrated the constantly evolving character of the concept of international protection in international law, the Chapter discusses first the notion of temporary refuge and its application to disaster displacement through a review of state practice. Subsequently, the analysis turns to complementary protection under human rights law. The recent views adopted by the UN Human Rights Committee on the Teitiota case are taken as a starting point of reference to reflect on the development of non-refoulement obligations in respect to life-threatening risks stemming from the impacts of disasters and climate change. Then, some non-refoulement case-law of the European Court of Human Rights is examined to make hypothesis about the reach of protection obligations under the European Convention of Human Rights in possible future climate-related claims.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/194405
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMC-194405