For more than three decades, the European Union has been pursuing the objective of harmonizing copyright law by approximating the laws of the Member States in order to promote the smooth functioning of the internal market, ensure adequate levels of protection for right-holders and facilitate access to intellectual works by the public, in a fairer and more competitive market. However, the fragmentation of copyright rules and the persistent territorial approach in the Member States, despite the global dissemination of intellectual works, is an obstacle to the pursuit of these goals, especially in view of the challenges posed by digital technologies. In this scenario, after a brief historical background on the nature of copyright and the ground for its protection, the work frames the international discipline of copyright as it emerges from the main multilateral conventions in this field, also examining the inclusion of copyright within human rights conventions. Having set the international regulation of copyright, which has laid the foundations for subsequent legislative interventions in the regional sphere, legislative interventions within the European Union are examined in order to provide an overview of the current levels of harmonization of exclusive rights and principles developed in the field of copyright. The above analysis shows how supranational legislative interventions have resulted in a complex and fragmented regulatory framework, also in the light of the most widely used instrument, the directive. Hence the persistence of different legal regimes within the Union, albeit partly harmonized. The analysis adopts a substantive law approach to the main aspects of copyright law, as interpreted by the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union, which has made an important contribution in terms of uniformity in the application of the law, as well as harmonization. These critical issues are partly related to the principle of territoriality, which, in the plurality of its meanings, has traditionally characterized the regulation of copyright, anchoring it rigidly to the national borders of the individual legal regimes in which it is protected. This characteristic of copyright, however, contrasts with the global dissemination of intellectual works, especially in cases of infringement via internet (so-called ubiquitous infringements), creating significant issues in the identification of the applicable law, as well as the jurisdiction. Given the lack of adequate level of harmonization, private international law continues to play an important role in transnational copyright disputes. Therefore, with a view to avoiding the negative effects of a strict application of the territoriality principle, it is necessary to seek criteria for determining both jurisdiction and applicable law, leading to the application of the most appropriate legislation to regulate copyright in cases characterized by foreign elements. In this respect, the provisions of Regulation 1215/2012 (“Brussels I-bis”) for matters of jurisdiction and Regulations No. 593/2008 (“Rome I”) and No. 864/2007 (“Rome II”) for the applicable law are analyzed. As regards the above rules, the most critical issues arise with regard to online conducts, in respect of which there are difficulties in adapting them, considering the fact that such rules were designed for offences taking place in a geographical context. With respect to jurisdiction, the inadequacy of the current rules is shown in the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union, which in the areas of the infringement of personality rights and privacy has succeeded in developing principles intended to ensure the effectiveness of judicial protection. Such a goal, on the other hand, has not been achieved for the protection of intellectual property rights, and in particular copyright, as shown by the leading cases Pinckney and Hejduk, in which the Court addressed these issues. Once jurisdiction has been allocated, the subsequent determination of the applicable law - which, it should be noted, does not necessarily coincide with the lex fori – in a scenario characterized by regulatory differences means that the application of one law instead of another may result in a different level of protection of the right. The European Union has contributed to the unification of private international law rules with the adoption, namely, of the Rome I and Rome II regulations. Clearly, from this point of view, it is necessary to observe the problems posed by the application of the current rules to online infringements, which often have effects in more than one country, involving the distributive application of all the laws involved. Indeed, the specific criterion for intellectual property rights provided under Article 8, paragraph 1, of the Rome II Regulation (lex loci protectionis), has territorial nature. However, the Court of Justice has not yet ruled on the above norm. Therefore, in view of the above, given the inadequacy of the rules of private international law referring to the digital context, in a de jure condendo perspective we examine the solutions coming from the soft law instruments elaborated in the academic sphere, in the various regional contexts, and which see in the recent Kyoto Guidelines prepared by the International Law Association an excellent example of synthesis with respect to previously developed projects. In conclusion, the importance of the rules of private international law emerges in the absence of a full harmonization, which, however, with respect to the digital context requires legislative interventions in the wake of the principles developed by soft law. In the long run, in view of the challenges posed by technological innovation and in accordance with the European Union's objectives concerning the Single Digital Market, a change in the copyright harmonization policies pursued so far by the supranational legislator seems even more desirable, by means of a shift in the direction of full harmonization and the provision of a unitary copyright title, similar to what already happens in certain sectors of industrial property rights, clearly taking into account the peculiarities of copyright, such as the absence of constitutive formalities for the purposes of protection. In any event, it remains to be hoped that the EU legislator will act with a view to more effectively and organically protecting copyright, as an important means of fostering cultural progress and the dissemination of intellectual works.
Da più di tre decenni l’Unione europea sta perseguendo l’obiettivo dell’armonizzazione del diritto d’autore mediante il ravvicinamento delle legislazioni degli Stati membri, al fine di favorire il buon funzionamento del mercato interno, garantire adeguati livelli di tutela per i titolari dei diritti e favorire l’accesso alle opere dell’ingegno da parte della collettività, in un mercato più equo e competitivo. Tuttavia, la frammentazione delle regole sul diritto d’autore e il persistente approccio territoriale negli Stati membri, nonostante la diffusione su scala globale delle opere dell’ingegno, rappresenta un ostacolo al perseguimento di dette finalità, anche e soprattutto in considerazione delle sfide poste dalle tecnologie digitali. In tale scenario, premessi brevi cenni storici circa la natura del diritto d’autore e la ratio della sua tutela, l’elaborato effettua un inquadramento della disciplina internazionale del diritto d’autore, così come emerge dalle principali convenzioni multilaterali in materia, esaminando anche l’inclusione del diritto d’autore nelle convenzioni in materia di diritti umani. Inquadrata la disciplina internazionale del diritto d’autore, che ha gettato le basi per i successivi interventi legislativi in ambito regionale, si analizzano gli interventi legislativi nell’ambito dell’Unione europea, al fine di fornire un quadro circa gli attuali livelli di armonizzazione dei diritti di esclusiva e dei principi elaborati in materia di diritto d’autore. Dalla suddetta analisi emerge come gli interventi legislativi sovranazionali hanno dato luogo ad un quadro normativo decisamente complesso e frammentato, anche alla luce dello strumento maggiormente utilizzato, ossia la direttiva. Da ciò deriva il persistere di differenti regimi giuridici all’interno dell’Unione, seppur in parte armonizzati. L’analisi privilegia un approccio di diritto sostanziale dei principali aspetti del diritto d’autore, così come interpretati dalla giurisprudenza della Corte di giustizia dell’Unione europea, che ha fornito un importante contributo in termini di uniformità nell’applicazione del diritto, oltre che di armonizzazione. Le suddette criticità sono in parte legate al principio di territorialità, che nella pluralità delle sue accezioni, ha tradizionalmente caratterizzato la disciplina del diritto d’autore, ancorandolo in maniera rigida ai confini nazionali dei singoli regimi giuridici in cui è protetto. Tale caratteristica del diritto d’autore, tuttavia, si contrappone alla diffusione su scala globale delle opere dell’ingegno, in particolar modo nei casi di violazioni a mezzo Internet (c.d. ubiquitous infringements), creando notevoli problematiche attinenti all’individuazione della legge applicabile, non meno della giurisdizione. Considerata l’assenza di un’adeguata armonizzazione in materia, nelle controversie transnazionali relative al diritto d’autore continua a mantenere un ruolo di rilievo il diritto internazionale privato. Pertanto, nell’ottica di scongiurare gli effetti negativi derivanti da una rigida applicazione del principio di territorialità, risulta necessaria la ricerca di criteri di determinazione tanto della giurisdizione quanto della legge applicabile, che portino all’applicazione della normativa più adeguata a disciplinare il diritto d’autore in fattispecie caratterizzate da elementi di internazionalità. A tal riguardo, si analizzano le disposizioni del regolamento 1215/2012 (c.d. Bruxelles I-bis) per ciò che attiene alle questioni relative alla competenza giurisdizionale e i regolamenti n. 593/2008 (“Roma I”) e n. 864/2007 (c.d. Roma II) per la legge applicabile. Rispetto alle suddette norme le criticità maggiori si evidenziano con riguardo alle condotte online, relativamente alle quali si manifestano difficoltà di adattamento, in ragione del fatto che tali norme sono state pensate per fattispecie poste in essere nel contesto geografico. In materia di giurisdizione, l’inadeguatezza delle attuali norme si manifesta nella giurisprudenza della Corte di giustizia dell’Unione europea, che nei settori dei diritti della personalità e della privacy è riuscita ad elaborare principi atti a garantire l’effettività della tutela giurisdizionale. Un simile traguardo, invece, non è stato raggiunto per la tutela dei diritti di proprietà intellettuale e segnatamente del diritto d’autore, come emerso dai leading cases Pinckney e Hejduk, in cui la Corte ha avuto modo di affrontare le suddette questioni. Una volta individuata la giurisdizione, la successiva valutazione sull’individuazione della legge applicabile - che si badi non coincide necessariamente con la lex fori – nell’ambito del descritto contesto caratterizzato da differenze normative comporta che l’applicazione di una legge in luogo di un’altra può tradursi in una differente tutela del diritto. L’Unione europea ha contribuito all’unificazione delle regole di diritto internazionale privato tra gli Stati membri con l’adozione dei regolamenti Roma I e Roma II. Chiaramente, sotto tale profilo occorre osservare le problematiche poste dall’applicazione delle attuali regole applicate alle violazioni a mezzo Internet, che sovente esplicano effetti in più Paesi, comportando l’applicazione distributiva di tutte le leggi coinvolte. Invero, il criterio appositamente previsto per i diritti di proprietà intellettuale all’articolo 8, paragrafo 1, del regolamento Roma II ha carattere territoriale e comporta l’applicazione della lex loci protectionis. Tuttavia, a differenza di quanto avvenuto in materia di giurisdizione, la Corte di giustizia non ha ancora avuto modo di pronunciarsi su tale criterio. Quindi, in ragione di quanto sopra, stante l’inadeguatezza delle norme di diritto internazionale privato riferite al contesto digitale, in un’ottica de jure condendo si esaminano le soluzioni provenienti dagli strumenti di soft law elaborati in ambito accademico, nei vari contesti regionali, e che vedono nelle recenti Kyoto Guidelines predisposte dalla International Law Association un ottimo esempio di sintesi rispetto ai progetti precedentemente elaborati. In conclusione, emerge l’importanza delle norme di diritto internazionale privato in assenza di una piena armonizzazione, le quali, tuttavia, rispetto al contesto digitale richiedono interventi legislativi sulla scia dei principi elaborati dalla soft law. In un’ottica di lungo periodo, in considerazione delle sfide poste dalle innovazioni tecnologiche e in conformità agli obiettivi dell’Unione europea relativi al mercato unico digitale appare ancora più auspicabile un mutamento nelle politiche di armonizzazione del diritto d’autore perseguite finora dal legislatore sovranazionale, mediante una svolta nella direzione della piena armonizzazione e della previsione di un titolo unitario sul diritto d’autore, analogamente a quanto già avviene per determinati settori dei diritti di proprietà industriale, chiaramente tenendo in considerazione le peculiarità del diritto d’autore, quali l’assenza di formalità costitutive ai fini della tutela. Ad ogni modo, rimane auspicato un intervento del legislatore dell’Unione nell’ottica di tutelare più efficacemente ed organicamente il diritto d’autore, quale mezzo importante per favorire il progresso culturale e la diffusione delle opere dell’ingegno.
Profili internazionalprivatistici del diritto d’autore nella prospettiva dell’armonizzazione europea
EL HAJ, TARAK
2022
Abstract
For more than three decades, the European Union has been pursuing the objective of harmonizing copyright law by approximating the laws of the Member States in order to promote the smooth functioning of the internal market, ensure adequate levels of protection for right-holders and facilitate access to intellectual works by the public, in a fairer and more competitive market. However, the fragmentation of copyright rules and the persistent territorial approach in the Member States, despite the global dissemination of intellectual works, is an obstacle to the pursuit of these goals, especially in view of the challenges posed by digital technologies. In this scenario, after a brief historical background on the nature of copyright and the ground for its protection, the work frames the international discipline of copyright as it emerges from the main multilateral conventions in this field, also examining the inclusion of copyright within human rights conventions. Having set the international regulation of copyright, which has laid the foundations for subsequent legislative interventions in the regional sphere, legislative interventions within the European Union are examined in order to provide an overview of the current levels of harmonization of exclusive rights and principles developed in the field of copyright. The above analysis shows how supranational legislative interventions have resulted in a complex and fragmented regulatory framework, also in the light of the most widely used instrument, the directive. Hence the persistence of different legal regimes within the Union, albeit partly harmonized. The analysis adopts a substantive law approach to the main aspects of copyright law, as interpreted by the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union, which has made an important contribution in terms of uniformity in the application of the law, as well as harmonization. These critical issues are partly related to the principle of territoriality, which, in the plurality of its meanings, has traditionally characterized the regulation of copyright, anchoring it rigidly to the national borders of the individual legal regimes in which it is protected. This characteristic of copyright, however, contrasts with the global dissemination of intellectual works, especially in cases of infringement via internet (so-called ubiquitous infringements), creating significant issues in the identification of the applicable law, as well as the jurisdiction. Given the lack of adequate level of harmonization, private international law continues to play an important role in transnational copyright disputes. Therefore, with a view to avoiding the negative effects of a strict application of the territoriality principle, it is necessary to seek criteria for determining both jurisdiction and applicable law, leading to the application of the most appropriate legislation to regulate copyright in cases characterized by foreign elements. In this respect, the provisions of Regulation 1215/2012 (“Brussels I-bis”) for matters of jurisdiction and Regulations No. 593/2008 (“Rome I”) and No. 864/2007 (“Rome II”) for the applicable law are analyzed. As regards the above rules, the most critical issues arise with regard to online conducts, in respect of which there are difficulties in adapting them, considering the fact that such rules were designed for offences taking place in a geographical context. With respect to jurisdiction, the inadequacy of the current rules is shown in the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union, which in the areas of the infringement of personality rights and privacy has succeeded in developing principles intended to ensure the effectiveness of judicial protection. Such a goal, on the other hand, has not been achieved for the protection of intellectual property rights, and in particular copyright, as shown by the leading cases Pinckney and Hejduk, in which the Court addressed these issues. Once jurisdiction has been allocated, the subsequent determination of the applicable law - which, it should be noted, does not necessarily coincide with the lex fori – in a scenario characterized by regulatory differences means that the application of one law instead of another may result in a different level of protection of the right. The European Union has contributed to the unification of private international law rules with the adoption, namely, of the Rome I and Rome II regulations. Clearly, from this point of view, it is necessary to observe the problems posed by the application of the current rules to online infringements, which often have effects in more than one country, involving the distributive application of all the laws involved. Indeed, the specific criterion for intellectual property rights provided under Article 8, paragraph 1, of the Rome II Regulation (lex loci protectionis), has territorial nature. However, the Court of Justice has not yet ruled on the above norm. Therefore, in view of the above, given the inadequacy of the rules of private international law referring to the digital context, in a de jure condendo perspective we examine the solutions coming from the soft law instruments elaborated in the academic sphere, in the various regional contexts, and which see in the recent Kyoto Guidelines prepared by the International Law Association an excellent example of synthesis with respect to previously developed projects. In conclusion, the importance of the rules of private international law emerges in the absence of a full harmonization, which, however, with respect to the digital context requires legislative interventions in the wake of the principles developed by soft law. In the long run, in view of the challenges posed by technological innovation and in accordance with the European Union's objectives concerning the Single Digital Market, a change in the copyright harmonization policies pursued so far by the supranational legislator seems even more desirable, by means of a shift in the direction of full harmonization and the provision of a unitary copyright title, similar to what already happens in certain sectors of industrial property rights, clearly taking into account the peculiarities of copyright, such as the absence of constitutive formalities for the purposes of protection. In any event, it remains to be hoped that the EU legislator will act with a view to more effectively and organically protecting copyright, as an important means of fostering cultural progress and the dissemination of intellectual works.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/194407
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMC-194407