Whistleblowing, as an instrument to fight illegality, was introduced into the Italian legal system only recently and, just a few years ago, it underwent an important reform that extended its regulatory discipline (initially limited just to the public administrations’ employment) also towards private’s employment. This institute, accordingly to its transversal and multidisciplinary nature, also concerns the procedural-criminal law science and raises some interpretative doubts with reference to the issue of protection that, within the criminal trial, can be offered to the whistleblower (namely the person who has reported the other’s wrongdoing and which he became aware of due to his employment relationship). On the basis of the aforementioned premise, firstly it was examined the l. 190/12 (also known as “L. Severino”), thus analyzing the innovations it made to d.lgs. 165/01 through the insertion of art. 54 bis, as well as placing the focus on the protection of employees who report wrongdoing to the top authorities in the administration in which they work. Secondly, it was examined the l. 179/17, a law that - in the Italian legal system - has significantly played an important role into the whistleblowing field, since it has completely reformed this institution not only with reference to the public administration, but also with regard to the reporting of offenses in the employment relationships of a private nature. The study of these sources was also accompanied by the examination of some aspects of the d.lgs. 231/01 (namely, the legal source on the administrative liability of companies), due to their relevancy with the aforementioned regulations on the subject of whistleblower’s reports. Specifically, particular attention was paid to the provisions of paragraph 2 bis of art. 6 of this d.lgs. 231/01, and to the innovations it introduced in terms of reporting channels for the purposes of the discipline on whistleblowing. These reflections were also associated with the examination of European law: therefore, it was analyzed the content of Directive (EU) 2019/1937, adopted by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union on 23 October 2019 and concerning the protection of persons who report violations of union law, and furthermore it was considered the very recent adoption of the l. 127/22 (namely, the “2021 European delegation law”). This initial analysis of the relevant sources on that particular subject represented the necessary foundation with which the in-depth study of the crucial part of this research was subsequently undertaken, namely the impact that whistleblowing produces within the Italian criminal trial. That said, attention has been paid about the procedural-criminal aspects of whistleblowing within the preliminary investigations phase: first of all, considering the procedural nature of the whistleblower's report (not only in relation to its function as notitia criminis, but also dealing with its relationship with anonymous complaints and with the information released to the investigating authority); subsequently, reflecting on the peculiar aspects inherent to the protection of the identity of the whistleblower during this segment of the criminal proceedings. With regard to this last aspect, after carrying out a rapid regulatory review, it was faced the issue of the applicability of the secrecy’s obligation to the whistleblower’s report, with reference to the denunciation and the assumption of summary information, comparing the general aspects of the discipline of the criminal procedural law with the specificities pertaining to l. 179/17. Lastly, the procedural-criminal aspects of whistleblowing were examined with reference to the hearing trial phase, firstly considering the relationship between this instrument and the institute of the testimony (also in relation to the area of those secrets mentioned by art. 200 and 201 of the criminal procedural code), and secondly analyzing the issue of the nature of the evidentiary declarations made by the reporting employee. That being said, this overview conducted on the whistleblowing discipline tried, at the same time, to investigate the repercussions of those legal provisions that have been adopted on this subject on the choices of the employee who becomes aware of an offense. The question arose was therefore whether the current legislation is capable of instilling the whistleblower with that psychological boost - based on the adequacy of the protections offered by the legal system - aimed at counterbalancing the deterrent effect deriving from the climate of mistrust (especially present in certain socio-cultural context) surrounding the worker who denounces the offenses discovered because of the job carried out. Lastly, the aforementioned de iure condito perspective has been associated with a de iure condendo approach, thus combining the examination of the current legislation with a review of the most debated aspects of such discipline on whistleblowing, in order to verify which are the possible - or desirable - interventions that the legislator could adopt in the future. In a nutshell, an attempt was made to investigate not only the compatibility of the specific whistleblowing discipline with the procedural rules in force, but also to verify the possible existence of margins for reform in order to better harmonize the aforementioned special legislation with the principles and the guarantees that inspire the criminal proceedings, in the awareness that the future of the whistleblowing will be concentrated – both at European and national level - mainly on its relationship with the criminal procedural law.
Il whistleblowing, quale strumento di contrasto all’illegalità, è stato introdotto all’interno dell’ordinamento italiano solo in epoca recente e, soltanto da pochi anni, ha subìto un’importante riforma che ne ha esteso la disciplina normativa (inizialmente limitata al solo impiego presso le pubbliche amministrazioni) anche ai rapporti di lavoro di natura privatistica. Tale istituto, nel solco della propria natura trasversale e multidisciplinare, interessa anche la scienza processual-penalistica e pone alcuni dubbi interpretativi con riferimento alla tematica della tutela che, all’interno del rito penale, possa essere offerta al whistleblower, ossia alla persona che ha segnalato l’altrui illecito di cui ha avuto conoscenza in ragione del proprio rapporto di lavoro. Ebbene, sulla scorta della premessa anzidetta si è preso in considerazione, in primo luogo, il dettato della l. 6 novembre 2012, n. 190 (nota anche come “l. Severino”), avendo contezza delle innovazioni da essa apportate al d.lgs. 30 marzo 2001, n. 165 mediante l’innesto dell’art. 54 bis, ponendo dunque l’attenzione sulla tutela dei dipendenti che segnalino illeciti alle autorità di vertice nell’amministrazione nella quale lavorino. In secondo luogo, è stato poi esaminato il dettato normativo della l. 30 novembre 2017, n. 179, novella che ha significativamente inciso – nell’ordinamento italiano – con riferimento all’ambito del whistleblowing, giacché essa ha interamente riformato tale istituto non solamente con riferimento al settore della pubblica amministrazione, bensì anche con riguardo alla segnalazione di illecito nell’alveo dei rapporti di lavoro di natura privatistica. Lo studio di tali fonti è stato peraltro accompagnato anche dalla disamina di alcuni aspetti del d.lgs. 08 giugno 2001 n. 231 (ossia della norma in materia di responsabilità amministrativa delle società e degli enti), in ragione della loro tangenza con le anzidette normative sul tema delle segnalazioni del lavoratore. Nello specifico, è stata prestata particolare attenzione al dettato del comma 2 bis dell’art. 6 di tale decreto, e alle innovazioni da esso introdotte in tema di canali di segnalazione ai fini della disciplina sul whistleblowing. Queste riflessioni sono state associate anche al vaglio del diritto europeo: non si è tralasciato, pertanto, il contenuto della Direttiva (UE) 2019/1937, adottata dal Parlamento europeo e dal Consiglio dell’Unione europea il 23 ottobre 2019 e riguardante la protezione delle persone che segnalano violazioni del diritto dell’Unione, anche in virtù della recentissima entrata in vigore della l. 4 agosto 2022, n. 127 (ossia, la “legge di delegazione europea 2021”). Tale analisi prodromica delle fonti rilevanti in materia ha rappresentato la necessaria fondazione con cui è stato successivamente intrapreso l’approfondimento della parte nevralgica di questa ricerca, ossia l’impatto che il whistleblowing produce all’interno del processo penale italiano. Ergo, ci si è anzitutto interrogati circa i profili processual-penalistici dell’istituto de quo all’interno della fase delle indagini preliminari, considerando dapprima la natura processuale della segnalazione del whistleblower (non solo in relazione alla sua funzione quale notitia criminis, bensì trattando anche del suo rapporto con le denunce anonime e con le informazioni rilasciate all’autorità inquirente) e, successivamente, riflettendo sugli aspetti peculiari inerenti alla tutela dell’identità del segnalante durante questo segmento del procedimento penale. Con riguardo a tale ultimo aspetto si è affrontato – dopo lo svolgimento di una rapida ricognizione normativa – il tema dell’applicabilità dell’obbligo di segreto alla segnalazione del whistleblower con riferimento all’ipotesi della denuncia e dell’assunzione a sommarie informazioni, ponendo a confronto gli aspetti generali della disciplina codicistica con le specificità afferenti alla l. 30 novembre 2017, n. 179. Da ultimo, sono stati esaminati i profili processual-penalistici del whistleblowing all’interno del giudizio dibattimentale, considerando sia il rapporto tra l’istituto de quo ed il mezzo di prova della testimonianza (anche in relazione all’ambito dei segreti processuali ex artt. 200 e 201 c.p.p.), nonché il tema della natura delle dichiarazioni probatorie rese dal dipendente segnalante. A fronte di ciò, questa panoramica condotta sulla disciplina del whistleblowing ha cercato, al contempo, di investigare quali fossero i riflessi delle disposizioni di legge sedimentatesi in materia sulle scelte del dipendente che viene a conoscenza di un illecito. Ci si è dunque chiesti se il vigente dettato normativo sia in grado di infondere al segnalante quella spinta psicologica – basata sull’adeguatezza delle tutele offerte dall’ordinamento – atta a controbilanciare l’effetto deterrente derivante dal clima di diffidenza (presente specialmente in determinate realtà socio-culturali) che circonda il lavoratore il quale denuncia gli illeciti scoperti in ragione della mansione svolta. Da ultimo, l’anzidetta prospettiva de iure condito è stata considerata secondo un approccio de iure condendo, affiancando perciò alla disamina della vigente normativa una ricognizione degli aspetti più dibattuti della legislazione, allo scopo di verificare quali siano i possibili – o auspicabili – interventi che il legislatore potrebbe adottare in futuro. Si è cercato, in estrema sintesi, di approfondire non soltanto la compatibilità della specifica disciplina sul whistleblowing con le norme processuali vigenti, bensì anche di verificare l’eventuale sussistenza di possibili margini di riforma al fine di armonizzare maggiormente la suindicata legislazione speciale ai principi e alle garanzie che pervadono il procedimento penale, nella consapevolezza che il futuro dell’istituto de quo sarà concentrato – a livello nazionale ed europeo – precipuamente sul suo rapporto con il rito in esame.
La tutela processuale penale del whistleblower
BILLI, STEFANO
2023
Abstract
Whistleblowing, as an instrument to fight illegality, was introduced into the Italian legal system only recently and, just a few years ago, it underwent an important reform that extended its regulatory discipline (initially limited just to the public administrations’ employment) also towards private’s employment. This institute, accordingly to its transversal and multidisciplinary nature, also concerns the procedural-criminal law science and raises some interpretative doubts with reference to the issue of protection that, within the criminal trial, can be offered to the whistleblower (namely the person who has reported the other’s wrongdoing and which he became aware of due to his employment relationship). On the basis of the aforementioned premise, firstly it was examined the l. 190/12 (also known as “L. Severino”), thus analyzing the innovations it made to d.lgs. 165/01 through the insertion of art. 54 bis, as well as placing the focus on the protection of employees who report wrongdoing to the top authorities in the administration in which they work. Secondly, it was examined the l. 179/17, a law that - in the Italian legal system - has significantly played an important role into the whistleblowing field, since it has completely reformed this institution not only with reference to the public administration, but also with regard to the reporting of offenses in the employment relationships of a private nature. The study of these sources was also accompanied by the examination of some aspects of the d.lgs. 231/01 (namely, the legal source on the administrative liability of companies), due to their relevancy with the aforementioned regulations on the subject of whistleblower’s reports. Specifically, particular attention was paid to the provisions of paragraph 2 bis of art. 6 of this d.lgs. 231/01, and to the innovations it introduced in terms of reporting channels for the purposes of the discipline on whistleblowing. These reflections were also associated with the examination of European law: therefore, it was analyzed the content of Directive (EU) 2019/1937, adopted by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union on 23 October 2019 and concerning the protection of persons who report violations of union law, and furthermore it was considered the very recent adoption of the l. 127/22 (namely, the “2021 European delegation law”). This initial analysis of the relevant sources on that particular subject represented the necessary foundation with which the in-depth study of the crucial part of this research was subsequently undertaken, namely the impact that whistleblowing produces within the Italian criminal trial. That said, attention has been paid about the procedural-criminal aspects of whistleblowing within the preliminary investigations phase: first of all, considering the procedural nature of the whistleblower's report (not only in relation to its function as notitia criminis, but also dealing with its relationship with anonymous complaints and with the information released to the investigating authority); subsequently, reflecting on the peculiar aspects inherent to the protection of the identity of the whistleblower during this segment of the criminal proceedings. With regard to this last aspect, after carrying out a rapid regulatory review, it was faced the issue of the applicability of the secrecy’s obligation to the whistleblower’s report, with reference to the denunciation and the assumption of summary information, comparing the general aspects of the discipline of the criminal procedural law with the specificities pertaining to l. 179/17. Lastly, the procedural-criminal aspects of whistleblowing were examined with reference to the hearing trial phase, firstly considering the relationship between this instrument and the institute of the testimony (also in relation to the area of those secrets mentioned by art. 200 and 201 of the criminal procedural code), and secondly analyzing the issue of the nature of the evidentiary declarations made by the reporting employee. That being said, this overview conducted on the whistleblowing discipline tried, at the same time, to investigate the repercussions of those legal provisions that have been adopted on this subject on the choices of the employee who becomes aware of an offense. The question arose was therefore whether the current legislation is capable of instilling the whistleblower with that psychological boost - based on the adequacy of the protections offered by the legal system - aimed at counterbalancing the deterrent effect deriving from the climate of mistrust (especially present in certain socio-cultural context) surrounding the worker who denounces the offenses discovered because of the job carried out. Lastly, the aforementioned de iure condito perspective has been associated with a de iure condendo approach, thus combining the examination of the current legislation with a review of the most debated aspects of such discipline on whistleblowing, in order to verify which are the possible - or desirable - interventions that the legislator could adopt in the future. In a nutshell, an attempt was made to investigate not only the compatibility of the specific whistleblowing discipline with the procedural rules in force, but also to verify the possible existence of margins for reform in order to better harmonize the aforementioned special legislation with the principles and the guarantees that inspire the criminal proceedings, in the awareness that the future of the whistleblowing will be concentrated – both at European and national level - mainly on its relationship with the criminal procedural law.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/194415
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMC-194415