Background: Post-mortem toxicology constantly deals with the research of reliable alternative matrices useful for pathologists in cases in which the classic matrices for forensic toxicology [in particular blood and hair] are not more available (e.g. carbonized or skeletonized corpses, human remains, exhumed bodies, etc.). Teeth can be applied as an alternative matrix since they are highly resistant, available, and stable after death. Dental enamel, dentine or pulp could disclose acute or chronic drugs assumption, given the different tissues constitution.The previous literature does not provide information on the pharmacokinetics of substances and on the mechanism and site of incorporation of xenobiotics into dental tissues. Scope: This pilot research aims to investigate whether in the pulp can be detected the same substances found in blood in drug related death cases. Secondly the study aims to disclose possible deposited drugs in the hard tissues of the tooth (dentine and/or enamel), the related degrees of accumulation in different dental tissue, thus contributing to reconstruct the drug abuse history (timing, e.g.) . Materials and Methods: The study experimented with a novel method to separately analyse enamel, dentin, and pulp tissues, that was applied to 10 teeth collected during autopsies of drug-related deaths along with blood and hair samples for classic toxicological analyses. Each tooth was prepared by the same forensic odontologist using diamond and multi-blade burs on a turbine above an amalgam aspirator coated with filter paper. Teeth were divided into two longitudinal halves and pulp was extracted from the chamber and roots. The enamel was separated from the coronal dentin by pulverization. The coronal secondary dentin was separated from the primary dentin pulverizing an inner layer of approximately 1,5 mm coronal and 1 mm cervical thickness. The residual outer coronal dentin was separated from the roots by pulverization and then the roots were pulverize with a hammer. Each dental tissue was extracted with acid for cocaine, opiates, and metabolites and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS). The results were then compared with those obtained from blood and hair samples. Results: Preliminary results demonstrated that teeth are different from any other classic matrix (blood and hairs) and the qualitative correlation in detecting substances between pulp/blood and dental hard tissues/hair suggests that they can be useful in post-mortem evaluation for both acute and chronic assumptions of drugs. The most significant result is that the mechanism of accumulation of substances in mineralized tissues seems to be influenced by the type of molecule and the method of assumption. The innovative method for dental tissues separation is absolutely promising to study the different accumulation of substances in teeth, possibly disclosing both acute and chronic assumption in forensic cases of drugs related cases. The main limitation of this study is the in vivo experimentation, since the study is based on teeth extracted for toxicological purposes in cases of real drug-related deaths. This factor determines not only a limited availability of the sample, but also an uncontrollable variability on the nature of the substances detected and, above all, the absence of anamistic information of the subjects to compare the results in dental hard tissues with the time, rates and method of assumption during life.Further research is necessary to systematically investigate the distribution of different substances within the mineralized tissues of the tooth. It seems appropriate to improve the sample relating to cocaine intake in order to create a statistical linear regression model between the quantity detected in the dental pulp and in the peripheral blood. Finally, we should proceed with the preparation of a research project that includes the study of teeth extracted from living subjects in dental care (for clinical reasons) with a known and documented history of chronic substance intake to delve deeper into the meaning of accumulation within dental hard tissues.
Razionale: La tossicologia post-mortale è costantemente impegnata nella ricerca di matrici alternative affidabili e utili per i medici-legali nei casi in cui le matrici classiche per la tossicologia forense [in particolare sangue e capelli] non siano più disponibili (es. cadaveri carbonizzati o scheletrati, resti umani, corpi, ecc.). I denti possono essere applicati come matrice alternativa poiché sono altamente resistenti, disponibili e stabili dopo la morte. Smalto, dentina o polpa dentale potrebbero rivelare l'assunzione acuta o cronica di sostanze, data la diversa costituzione dei tessuti. La letteratura precedente non fornisce informazioni utili sulla farmacocinetica delle sostanze e sul meccanismo e sito di incorporazione degli xenobiotici nei tessuti dentali. Scopo: Questa ricerca di base mira a verificare se nella polpa possano essere rilevate le stesse sostanze circolanti nel sangue nei casi di morte droga-correlata. In secondo luogo, lo studio mira a rivelare eventuali farmaci depositati nei tessuti duri del dente (dentina e/o smalto) ed le differenti concentrazioni di accumulo nei diversi tessuti dentali, contribuendo così a ricostruire un’eventuale storia di abuso di sostanze (tempistiche, ad es.). Materiali e metodi: Lo studio ha sperimentato un nuovo metodo per analizzare separatamente i tessuti dentali in smalto, dentina e polpa, che è stato applicato a 10 denti raccolti durante le autopsie di decessi droga-correlati insieme a campioni di sangue e capelli per le analisi tossicologiche su matrici classiche. Ogni dente è stato preparato dallo stesso odontologo forense utilizzando frese diamantate e/o multilama con turbina al di sopra di un aspiratore per amalgama rivestito di carta-filtro. I denti sono stati divisi in due metà longitudinali e la polpa è stata estratta dalla camera pulpare e dalle radici. Lo smalto è stato separato dalla dentina coronale mediante polverizzazione. La dentina coronale secondaria è stata separata dalla dentina primaria polverizzando uno strato interno di circa 1,5 mm di spessore coronale e 1 mm di spessore cervicale. La dentina coronale esterna residua è stata separata dalle radici mediante polverizzazione e quindi le radici sono state polverizzate con un martello. Ogni tessuto dentale è stato estratto con acido per cocaina, oppiacei e loro metaboliti ed analizzato mediante gascromatografia (GC) e cromatografia liquida con spettrometria di massa ad alta risoluzione (HR-MS). I risultati sono stati poi confrontati con quelli ottenuti dai campioni di sangue e capelli. Risultati: I risultati preliminari hanno dimostrato che i denti sono diversi da qualsiasi altra matrice classica (sangue e capelli) e la correlazione qualitativa nel rilevamento di sostanze tra polpa/sangue e tessuti duri dentali/capelli suggerisce che possano essere utili nella valutazione post-mortale sia per la diagnosi di intossicazioni acute che croniche. Il risultato più significativo è che il meccanismo di accumulo delle sostanze nei tessuti mineralizzati sembra essere influenzato dal tipo di molecola e dalla modalità di assunzione. Il metodo innovativo per la separazione dei tessuti dentali è assolutamente promettente per studiare il diverso accumulo di sostanze nei denti, eventualmente rivelando sia l'assunzione acuta che cronica nei casi forensi di casi correlati alla droga. Il limite principale di questo studio è la sperimentazione in vivo, poiché lo studio si basa su denti estratti per scopi tossicologici in casi di decessi reali correlati all’assunzione di sostanze. Questo fattore determina non solo una disponibilità limitata del campione, ma anche una variabilità incontrollabile sulla natura delle sostanze rilevate e, soprattutto, l'assenza di informazioni anamnestiche dei soggetti per confrontare i risultati sui tessuti duri dentali con il tempo, le frequenze e modalità di assunzione durante la vita. Sono necessarie ulteriori ricerche per studiare sistematicamente la distribuzione delle diverse sostanze all’interno dei tessuti mineralizzati del dente. Sembra opportuno migliorare il campione relativo al consumo di cocaina in modo da creare un modello di regressione lineare statistica tra la quantità rilevata nella polpa dentale e nel sangue periferico. Infine, si dovrebbe procedere con la predisposizione di un progetto di ricerca che preveda lo studio di denti estratti da soggetti viventi in cure odontoiatriche (per ragioni cliniche) con una storia nota e documentata di assunzione cronica di sostanze per approfondire il significato di accumulo all'interno dei tessuti duri dei denti.
Determinazione post-mortale dell’uso e dell’abuso di droghe sui tessuti dentari.
BIANCHI, ILENIA
2024
Abstract
Background: Post-mortem toxicology constantly deals with the research of reliable alternative matrices useful for pathologists in cases in which the classic matrices for forensic toxicology [in particular blood and hair] are not more available (e.g. carbonized or skeletonized corpses, human remains, exhumed bodies, etc.). Teeth can be applied as an alternative matrix since they are highly resistant, available, and stable after death. Dental enamel, dentine or pulp could disclose acute or chronic drugs assumption, given the different tissues constitution.The previous literature does not provide information on the pharmacokinetics of substances and on the mechanism and site of incorporation of xenobiotics into dental tissues. Scope: This pilot research aims to investigate whether in the pulp can be detected the same substances found in blood in drug related death cases. Secondly the study aims to disclose possible deposited drugs in the hard tissues of the tooth (dentine and/or enamel), the related degrees of accumulation in different dental tissue, thus contributing to reconstruct the drug abuse history (timing, e.g.) . Materials and Methods: The study experimented with a novel method to separately analyse enamel, dentin, and pulp tissues, that was applied to 10 teeth collected during autopsies of drug-related deaths along with blood and hair samples for classic toxicological analyses. Each tooth was prepared by the same forensic odontologist using diamond and multi-blade burs on a turbine above an amalgam aspirator coated with filter paper. Teeth were divided into two longitudinal halves and pulp was extracted from the chamber and roots. The enamel was separated from the coronal dentin by pulverization. The coronal secondary dentin was separated from the primary dentin pulverizing an inner layer of approximately 1,5 mm coronal and 1 mm cervical thickness. The residual outer coronal dentin was separated from the roots by pulverization and then the roots were pulverize with a hammer. Each dental tissue was extracted with acid for cocaine, opiates, and metabolites and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS). The results were then compared with those obtained from blood and hair samples. Results: Preliminary results demonstrated that teeth are different from any other classic matrix (blood and hairs) and the qualitative correlation in detecting substances between pulp/blood and dental hard tissues/hair suggests that they can be useful in post-mortem evaluation for both acute and chronic assumptions of drugs. The most significant result is that the mechanism of accumulation of substances in mineralized tissues seems to be influenced by the type of molecule and the method of assumption. The innovative method for dental tissues separation is absolutely promising to study the different accumulation of substances in teeth, possibly disclosing both acute and chronic assumption in forensic cases of drugs related cases. The main limitation of this study is the in vivo experimentation, since the study is based on teeth extracted for toxicological purposes in cases of real drug-related deaths. This factor determines not only a limited availability of the sample, but also an uncontrollable variability on the nature of the substances detected and, above all, the absence of anamistic information of the subjects to compare the results in dental hard tissues with the time, rates and method of assumption during life.Further research is necessary to systematically investigate the distribution of different substances within the mineralized tissues of the tooth. It seems appropriate to improve the sample relating to cocaine intake in order to create a statistical linear regression model between the quantity detected in the dental pulp and in the peripheral blood. Finally, we should proceed with the preparation of a research project that includes the study of teeth extracted from living subjects in dental care (for clinical reasons) with a known and documented history of chronic substance intake to delve deeper into the meaning of accumulation within dental hard tissues.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/194471
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMC-194471