This research focuses on the main legal aspects of functional protection in United Nations law, starting from the leading case of Count Bernadotte. After the birth of international organizations, the international community faced the problem of giving protection to agents acting on behalf of their own organizations. The very first attempt to put this issue into a legal perspective was made by the International Court of Justice in its advisory opinion on Reparations for injuries suffered in the service of the United Nations (1949). Although this opinion was particularly significant in many respects, several issues remained unresolved (such as the juridical qualification of functional protection and the relationship between it and diplomatic protection). This work addresses those issues in the first chapter. The second chapter is focused on the preliminary conditions through which an international organization might act in protection of its agents. As well as, on the main obligations imposed on the three subjects who are responsible for standard treatments of those agents (organization, host State and national State). The third chapter addresses the controversial role of the United Nations Secretary-General who, though entitled to protect UN agents using functional protection, never properly has. The analysis of the Akay case clearly demonstrates the potentials and limits that continue to hinder the protection of agents by their own organizations. Due to the silence of the doctrine and the unavailability of the practice, the all-inclusive principle of duty of care carried out by international organizations towards their agents seems to be a suitable framework within which functional protection could be included.
Con il celebre parere sulle riparazioni del 1949, la Corte internazionale di giustizia tratteggiò l’istituto della protezione funzionale per dare una risposta al preoccupante fenomeno dei danni ai funzionari di organizzazioni internazionali, facendo delle Nazioni Unite l’attore principale di un meccanismo del tutto nuovo. Il parere, tuttavia, lasciava aperte alcune questioni giuridiche che la dottrina seguente avrebbe trattato solo in modo marginale e che questo studio cerca di approfondire nel primo capitolo: la qualificazione del beneficiario della protezione, il rapporto tra la protezione funzionale e la protezione diplomatica, la natura giuridica dell’istituto e le sue peculiarità operative. Il secondo capitolo esamina, da un lato, le condizioni necessarie affinché un’organizzazione internazionale possa intervenire in protezione di un proprio funzionario e, dall’altro, gli obblighi gravanti sui tre soggetti chiamati a rispettare, a diverso titolo, gli standard di trattamento nei confronti dei funzionari: lo Stato ospitante sul cui territorio si svolge la missione, l’organizzazione di appartenenza del funzionario e il suo Stato di cittadinanza. Il terzo capitolo ha posto l’attenzione sulla controversa figura del Segretario generale delle Nazioni Unite quale soggetto formalmente investito di rendere operativa la protezione funzionale salvo, all’atto pratico, limitarsi ad interventi poco incisivi. La ricerca analizza, quindi, le potenzialità del Segretario alla luce degli strumenti progressivamente elaborati dalle Nazioni Unite e, al contempo, mette in luce gli ostacoli che ancora oggi sviliscono il funzionamento dell’istituto. Sotto questo aspetto, l’esame del caso Akay offre interessanti spunti di riflessione. Nel silenzio della dottrina e nella irreperibilità della prassi, la relazione tra il duty of care e la protezione funzionale consente a quest’ultima di trovare una collocazione giuridica plausibile nel panorama della tutela dei funzionari ad opera delle organizzazioni internazionali.
LA PROTEZIONE FUNZIONALE NEL DIRITTO DELLE NAZIONI UNITE
D'ALI', ELENA
2020
Abstract
This research focuses on the main legal aspects of functional protection in United Nations law, starting from the leading case of Count Bernadotte. After the birth of international organizations, the international community faced the problem of giving protection to agents acting on behalf of their own organizations. The very first attempt to put this issue into a legal perspective was made by the International Court of Justice in its advisory opinion on Reparations for injuries suffered in the service of the United Nations (1949). Although this opinion was particularly significant in many respects, several issues remained unresolved (such as the juridical qualification of functional protection and the relationship between it and diplomatic protection). This work addresses those issues in the first chapter. The second chapter is focused on the preliminary conditions through which an international organization might act in protection of its agents. As well as, on the main obligations imposed on the three subjects who are responsible for standard treatments of those agents (organization, host State and national State). The third chapter addresses the controversial role of the United Nations Secretary-General who, though entitled to protect UN agents using functional protection, never properly has. The analysis of the Akay case clearly demonstrates the potentials and limits that continue to hinder the protection of agents by their own organizations. Due to the silence of the doctrine and the unavailability of the practice, the all-inclusive principle of duty of care carried out by international organizations towards their agents seems to be a suitable framework within which functional protection could be included.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/194607
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMC-194607