The subject of this thesis is the search for several rare processes with the liquid Xenon set-up of the DAMA experiment, in the Gran Sasso National Laboratory of the INFN. The detector is used as a pure scintillator and has ~2 l of sensitive volume (~6.5 kg of liquid) that can be filled alternatively with Xenon gas enriched in 129Xe at 99.5% or with Xenon gas enriched in 136Xe at 68.8% and 134Xe at 17.1% (this feature has also allowed to realise a preliminary study of the VPIE [vapour pressure isotope effects] in Xenon). In this thesis, the set-up and its characteristics are discussed in detail. In addition the data collected in 8823.54 hours of measure, by using the gas enriched in 136Xe, to search for: (i) 2b- decay of 134Xe and 136Xe; (ii) nucleon, di-nucleon and tri-nucleon decay into invisible channels in 136Xe; (iii) charge-non-conserving decay 136Xe®136Cs are considered. For each one of the considered processes, not only a description of the used analysis procedures and the obtained results are provided but also a theoretical introduction and a description of the present state of the search are presented; moreover, the competitiveness of the obtained results is pointed out. The unique features of the set-up have allowed to achieve, for the several searches carried out, results that are unique or very competitive. In particular, for the studied 2b- decay modes of 134Xe and 136Xe, the obtained half live limits (90%C.L.) are improved of factors from 3 to 700 or they have been obtained for the first time: 134Xe 2b- 0n(0+ ® 0+) T1/2 >5.8·1022 years 136Xe 2b- 0n(0+ ® 0+) T1/2 >1.2·1024 years 2b- 0n(0+ ® 2+) T1/2 >2.6·1022 years 2b- 0n(0+ ® 2+) T1/2 >4.2·1023 years 2b- 0nM(0+ ® 0+) T1/2 >5.0·1023 years 2b- 2n(0+ ® 0+) T1/2 >1.0·1022 years 2b- 2n(0+ ® 2+) T1/2 >9.4·1021 years Moreover, the obtained limit for the 2b- 0n(0+ ® 0+) decay mode of 136Xe is at the present the second best experimental limit achieved by direct detection experiments, considering all the nuclei and all the decay modes searched for (the best limit has been obtained for the 2b- 0n(0+ ® 0+) of 76Ge). These limits have also allowed to derive upper limits on the effective Majorana neutrino mass, ámnñ, and on the effective coupling constant Majoron-neutrino, ágMñ. The search for nucleon, di-nucleon and tri-nucleon decay into invisible channels in 136Xe, has been performed following a new approach (already introduced for the first time by the DAMA group in collaboration with the INR Kiev group). This approach assures a high detection efficiency and a branching ratio close to 1 while other different approaches are necessarily pursued with very large mass apparata to compensate the lower values of these quantities. In this way competitive limits have been set (90% C.L.): tn > 3.3·1023 years tnn - tnnn - tp > 4.5·1023 years tnp > 3.2·1023 years tnnp > 1.4·1022 years tpp > 1.9·1024 years tnpp > 2.7·1022 years tppp > 3.6·1022 years The obtained limits hold for each invisible decay channel, including “disappearance” in extra-dimensions or decay in particles which weakly interact with the matter. Moreover the life time limits for the tri-nucleon decays into invisible channel have been set here for the first time. Finally, the lower limit on the life time of the charge-non-conserving decay 136Xe®136Cs has been obtained by searching for the subsequent b- decay of 136Cs. The achieved limit: t >1.3·1023 years (90% C.L.) is well competitive and represents the first experimental measurement for this possible decay channel.
L'argomento di questo lavoro di tesi è la ricerca di vari processi rari con l'apparato a Xenon liquido dell'esperimento DAMA nei Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso dell’INFN. Tale apparato è uno scintillatore puro, ha ~2 l di volume sensibile (~6.5 kg di liquido) e può utilizzare alternativamente due gas di Xenon: uno arricchito in 129Xe al 99.5%, l'altro in 136Xe al 68.8% e in 134Xe al 17.1% (questo ha permesso anche di effettuare in questa tesi uno studio preliminare del VPIE [vapour pressure isotope effects] in Xenon). In particolare, le ricerche oggetto di questo lavoro sono state realizzate utilizzando i dati raccolti dall’apparato in 8823.54 ore di misura utilizzando il gas arricchito in 136Xe. L’apparato e le sue caratteristiche sono descritti in dettaglio in questa tesi. Le analisi dati hanno riguardato i seguenti processi rari: (i) processi di decadimento 2b- dello 134Xe e dello 136Xe; (ii) possibili decadimenti del nucleone, di-nucleone e tri-nucleone in canali invisibili nello 136Xe; (iii) possibile decadimento 136Xe®136Cs con violazione della conservazione della carica elettrica. Per ognuno degli argomenti trattati, oltre alla descrizione delle procedure di analisi utilizzate e ai risultati ottenuti, vengono fornite anche una introduzione teorica e una descrizione dello stato attuale della ricerca; è, inoltre, sottolineata la competitività dei risultati ottenuti. Le caratteristiche dell'apparato hanno permesso di raggiungere, nelle varie ricerche effettuate, risultati o unici o molto competitivi. In particolare, per quanto riguarda i decadimenti 2b- dello 134Xe e dello 136Xe, tutti i limiti (90%C.L.) posti sui tempi di dimezzamento dei canali studiati migliorano di fattori tra 3 e 700 i risultati precedenti oppure sono stati ottenuti per la prima volta: 134Xe 2b- 0n(0+ ® 0+) T1/2 >5.8·1022 anni 136Xe 2b- 0n(0+ ® 0+) T1/2 >1.2·1024 anni 2b- 0n(0+ ® 2+) T1/2 >2.6·1022 anni 2b- 0n(0+ ® 2+) T1/2 >4.2·1023 anni 2b- 0nM(0+ ® 0+) T1/2 >5.0·1023 anni 2b- 2n(0+ ® 0+) T1/2 >1.0·1022 anni 2b- 2n(0+ ® 2+) T1/2 >9.4·1021 anni Inoltre il limite posto sul modo di decadimento 2b- 0n(0+ ® 0+) dello 136Xe è attualmente il secondo miglior limite sperimentale ottenuto con esperimenti di rivelazione diretta, se si considerano tutti gli isotopi candidati al decadimento 2b- e tutti i modi di decadimento (piu’ stringente di questo è solo il limite sul 2b- 0n(0+ ® 0+) del 76Ge). Tali risultati hanno permesso anche di porre limiti superiori sulla massa efficace del neutrino di Majorana, ámnñ, e sulla costante di accoppiamento efficace Majorone-neutrino, ágMñ. Per quanto riguarda lo studio di possibili decadimenti del nucleone, di-nucleone e tri-nucleone in canali invisibili nello 136Xe, il nuovo approccio utilizzato (già introdotto per la prima volta dal gruppo DAMA in collaborazione con il gruppo dell’INR di Kiev e che consente di avere un branching ratio e un'efficienza di rivelazione ~1) ha permesso di ottenere limiti competitivi, pur disponendo di un rivelatore di massa modesta rispetto ad altri apparati di grande massa che hanno studiato processi analoghi con altri approcci: tn > 3.3·1023 anni tnn - tnnn - tp > 4.5·1023 anni tnp > 3.2·1023 anni tnnp > 1.4·1022 anni tpp > 1.9·1024 anni tnpp > 2.7·1022 anni tppp > 3.6·1022 anni I limiti posti (90% C.L.) sono validi per tutti i canali di decadimento invisibili e, in particolare, per il decadimento in particelle che interagiscono debolmente con la materia e per la possibile “scomparsa” nelle extra-dimensioni. Inoltre, i limiti sui decadimenti del tri-nucleone sono stati ottenuti sperimentalmente per la prima volta. Infine, per quello che riguarda la ricerca del possibile decadimento che viola la conservazione della carica elettrica: 136Xe ® 136Cs, il limite ottenuto sulla vita media: t >1.3·1023 anni (90% C.L.) è ben competitivo e rappresenta la prima misura sperimentale per tale possibile canale di decadimento.
Ricerca di processi rari con rivelatore a Xenon liquido
Fabio, Cappella
2006
Abstract
The subject of this thesis is the search for several rare processes with the liquid Xenon set-up of the DAMA experiment, in the Gran Sasso National Laboratory of the INFN. The detector is used as a pure scintillator and has ~2 l of sensitive volume (~6.5 kg of liquid) that can be filled alternatively with Xenon gas enriched in 129Xe at 99.5% or with Xenon gas enriched in 136Xe at 68.8% and 134Xe at 17.1% (this feature has also allowed to realise a preliminary study of the VPIE [vapour pressure isotope effects] in Xenon). In this thesis, the set-up and its characteristics are discussed in detail. In addition the data collected in 8823.54 hours of measure, by using the gas enriched in 136Xe, to search for: (i) 2b- decay of 134Xe and 136Xe; (ii) nucleon, di-nucleon and tri-nucleon decay into invisible channels in 136Xe; (iii) charge-non-conserving decay 136Xe®136Cs are considered. For each one of the considered processes, not only a description of the used analysis procedures and the obtained results are provided but also a theoretical introduction and a description of the present state of the search are presented; moreover, the competitiveness of the obtained results is pointed out. The unique features of the set-up have allowed to achieve, for the several searches carried out, results that are unique or very competitive. In particular, for the studied 2b- decay modes of 134Xe and 136Xe, the obtained half live limits (90%C.L.) are improved of factors from 3 to 700 or they have been obtained for the first time: 134Xe 2b- 0n(0+ ® 0+) T1/2 >5.8·1022 years 136Xe 2b- 0n(0+ ® 0+) T1/2 >1.2·1024 years 2b- 0n(0+ ® 2+) T1/2 >2.6·1022 years 2b- 0n(0+ ® 2+) T1/2 >4.2·1023 years 2b- 0nM(0+ ® 0+) T1/2 >5.0·1023 years 2b- 2n(0+ ® 0+) T1/2 >1.0·1022 years 2b- 2n(0+ ® 2+) T1/2 >9.4·1021 years Moreover, the obtained limit for the 2b- 0n(0+ ® 0+) decay mode of 136Xe is at the present the second best experimental limit achieved by direct detection experiments, considering all the nuclei and all the decay modes searched for (the best limit has been obtained for the 2b- 0n(0+ ® 0+) of 76Ge). These limits have also allowed to derive upper limits on the effective Majorana neutrino mass, ámnñ, and on the effective coupling constant Majoron-neutrino, ágMñ. The search for nucleon, di-nucleon and tri-nucleon decay into invisible channels in 136Xe, has been performed following a new approach (already introduced for the first time by the DAMA group in collaboration with the INR Kiev group). This approach assures a high detection efficiency and a branching ratio close to 1 while other different approaches are necessarily pursued with very large mass apparata to compensate the lower values of these quantities. In this way competitive limits have been set (90% C.L.): tn > 3.3·1023 years tnn - tnnn - tp > 4.5·1023 years tnp > 3.2·1023 years tnnp > 1.4·1022 years tpp > 1.9·1024 years tnpp > 2.7·1022 years tppp > 3.6·1022 years The obtained limits hold for each invisible decay channel, including “disappearance” in extra-dimensions or decay in particles which weakly interact with the matter. Moreover the life time limits for the tri-nucleon decays into invisible channel have been set here for the first time. Finally, the lower limit on the life time of the charge-non-conserving decay 136Xe®136Cs has been obtained by searching for the subsequent b- decay of 136Cs. The achieved limit: t >1.3·1023 years (90% C.L.) is well competitive and represents the first experimental measurement for this possible decay channel.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/195253
URN:NBN:IT:UNIROMA2-195253